Anatomy exam 1 - Nose/Sinuses/throat

Nasal cartilage

2 lateral cartilages, 2 alar cartilages, and a septal cartilage

nasal turbinates (conchae)

superior, middle, inferior

when are olfactory receptor cells activated?

when airborne molecules in inspired air bind to olfactory receptors

where does smell interpretation occur?

olfactory cortex within temporal lobes and lower frontal lobes in front of hypothalamus

frontal sinuses

located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; innervated by CN1

superior view of frontal sinuses

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where does the maxillary sinus drain?

inferior to the middle concha

ethmoid sinus

Nasal Sinus located between the nose and the orbits.

what are possible complicated of ethmoid sinus infection?

infection to the dural sheath of the optic nerve --> optic neuritis

what are possible complicated of sphenoid sinus infection?

brain abscess or meningitis

epistaxis

nosebleed

kiesselbach's area

front of nasal septum; contains a rich supply of capillaries

tongue function

mastication, taste, deglutination, articulation, oral cleansing

what connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

lingual frenulum

what type of muscle is the tongue made of?

skeletal

tongue papillae

- foliate
- vallate
- filiform
- fungiform

intrinsic muscles of tongue

change shape of tongue; superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transversus, verticalis (CN XII)

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

move the tongue; genioglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus ( CN XII)

genioglossus muscle

depress and protrude the tongue; CN XII

hyoglossus muscle

depress and retract the tongue; CN XII

styloglossus muscle

retracts and elevates the tongue; CN XII

palatoglossus muscle

elevates posterior part of tongue, depresses soft palate; *CN X*

teeth numbers

start upper right (1), end lower right (32)

tooth pulp

Rich supply of nerves and blood vessels, that innervates and provides nutrients to the tooth

tooth pulp cavity

living part of tooth (blood vessels and nerves)

hard palate

separates oral from nasal cavities

soft palate

separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx

function of soft palate

closes off nasal cavity during swallowing

what digestive enzyme is present in saliva?

salivary amylase

parotid glands

largest of the salivary glands

where does the parotid gland drain?

stenson's ducts

what disease is commonly associated with the parotid gland?

mumps

salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

where do the submandibular glands open into the mouth?

Wharton's duct

sublingual gland

smallest and deepest salivary gland

where are the sublingual glands located?

in the floor of the mouth between mandible and genioglossus muscle

passage of air

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

nasopharynx

Communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing

oropharynx

passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis

laryngopharynx

passageway for food to the esophagus and air to trachea

swallowing food stage 1

voluntary; bolus pushed into oropharynx

swallowing food stage 2

involuntary; soft palate contracts, suprahyoid muscles elevate larynx

swallowing food stage 3

involuntary; sequential contraction of pharyngeal constrictor muscles

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

cricoid

the ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx.

Upper folds of larynx

False vocal cords, don't produce sound, help close the airway during swallowing

lower folds of larynx

true vocal cords

trachea

made of hyaline cartilage; Allows air to pass to and from lungs

what is the most common nerve injured during thyroid surgery?

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

laryngeal nerves

branches of CN X form recurrent laryngeal nerves which innervate the vocal folds

alimentary

pharynx and esophagus