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Nasal cartilage
2 lateral cartilages, 2 alar cartilages, and a septal cartilage
nasal turbinates (conchae)
superior, middle, inferior
when are olfactory receptor cells activated?
when airborne molecules in inspired air bind to olfactory receptors
where does smell interpretation occur?
olfactory cortex within temporal lobes and lower frontal lobes in front of hypothalamus
frontal sinuses
located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; innervated by CN1
superior view of frontal sinuses
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where does the maxillary sinus drain?
inferior to the middle concha
ethmoid sinus
Nasal Sinus located between the nose and the orbits.
what are possible complicated of ethmoid sinus infection?
infection to the dural sheath of the optic nerve --> optic neuritis
what are possible complicated of sphenoid sinus infection?
brain abscess or meningitis
epistaxis
nosebleed
kiesselbach's area
front of nasal septum; contains a rich supply of capillaries
tongue function
mastication, taste, deglutination, articulation, oral cleansing
what connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
lingual frenulum
what type of muscle is the tongue made of?
skeletal
tongue papillae
- foliate
- vallate
- filiform
- fungiform
intrinsic muscles of tongue
change shape of tongue; superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transversus, verticalis (CN XII)
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
move the tongue; genioglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus ( CN XII)
genioglossus muscle
depress and protrude the tongue; CN XII
hyoglossus muscle
depress and retract the tongue; CN XII
styloglossus muscle
retracts and elevates the tongue; CN XII
palatoglossus muscle
elevates posterior part of tongue, depresses soft palate; *<b>CN X</b>*
teeth numbers
start upper right (1), end lower right (32)
tooth pulp
Rich supply of nerves and blood vessels, that innervates and provides nutrients to the tooth
tooth pulp cavity
living part of tooth (blood vessels and nerves)
hard palate
separates oral from nasal cavities
soft palate
separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx
function of soft palate
closes off nasal cavity during swallowing
what digestive enzyme is present in saliva?
salivary amylase
parotid glands
largest of the salivary glands
where does the parotid gland drain?
stenson's ducts
what disease is commonly associated with the parotid gland?
mumps
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
where do the submandibular glands open into the mouth?
Wharton's duct
sublingual gland
smallest and deepest salivary gland
where are the sublingual glands located?
in the floor of the mouth between mandible and genioglossus muscle
passage of air
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
nasopharynx
Communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing
oropharynx
passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
laryngopharynx
passageway for food to the esophagus and air to trachea
swallowing food stage 1
voluntary; bolus pushed into oropharynx
swallowing food stage 2
involuntary; soft palate contracts, suprahyoid muscles elevate larynx
swallowing food stage 3
involuntary; sequential contraction of pharyngeal constrictor muscles
epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
cricoid
the ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx.
Upper folds of larynx
False vocal cords, don't produce sound, help close the airway during swallowing
lower folds of larynx
true vocal cords
trachea
made of hyaline cartilage; Allows air to pass to and from lungs
what is the most common nerve injured during thyroid surgery?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
laryngeal nerves
branches of CN X form recurrent laryngeal nerves which innervate the vocal folds
alimentary
pharynx and esophagus