chemistry study guide

What is the process of ester formation called?

Esterification

What is the catalyst used in the esterification process?

H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid)

What is formed when an acid reacts with an alcohol?

Ester and water

What does an Arrhenius acid produce in solution?

H⁺ ions

What does an Arrhenius base produce in solution?

OH⁻ ions

According to Brønsted-Lowry theory, what is an acid?

A proton (H⁺) donor

According to Brønsted-Lowry theory, what is a base?

A proton (H⁺) acceptor

What is the pH range for acidic solutions?

Below 7

What does a pH of 7 indicate?

Neutral solution

What is characteristic of strong acids and bases?

They fully dissociate in water

What is characteristic of weak acids and bases?

They partially dissociate in water

How is pH calculated?

pH = -log[H⁺]

What are the products of combustion of hydrocarbons?

CO₂ and H₂O

What is produced from incomplete combustion?

CO or C (soot)

What acids can form from sulfur dioxide in water?

H₂SO₃ (sulfurous acid) and H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid)

What compounds lead to acid rain when they combine with water?

SO₂ and NO₂

What is one of the major environmental impacts of acid rain?

Metal leaching into water

What is the purpose of scrubbers in environmental control?

To remove SO₂ from exhaust gases

What do catalytic converters reduce?

NOx emissions

What can photochemical smog be controlled by?

Alternative transportation and reducing emissions

What is an esterification example involving ethanoic acid?

ethanoic acid + butan-1-ol → butyl ethanoate + H₂O

Identify the functional group for –OH in a compound.

Alcohol

Identify the functional group for –COOH in a compound.

Carboxylic acid

What kind of hydrocarbon does –Cl, –Br, or –F represent?

Halogenated hydrocarbon

What indicates an aromatic compound in a structure?

Benzene ring

What should you always do when naming organic compounds?

Find the longest carbon chain.

When numbering a carbon chain, what should you prioritize?

Give the functional group the lowest number.

What prefix is used if there are two substituents of the same kind?

Di-

What prefix is used if there are three substituents of the same kind?

Tri-

What is the impact of acid rain on plant nutrients?

They can be washed away or their uptake can be blocked.

What role does the jet stream play in acid rain?

It spreads acid rain.

What do scrubbers help control in industrial processes?

Air pollution from sulfur dioxide emissions.

What is a common reaction outcome for combustion reactions of hydrocarbons?

The production of carbon dioxide and water.