A&P Unit 2

What are atoms?

the smallest unit of matter

Atoms are composed of ________

subatomic particles

What are the three subatomic particles?

protons, neutrons, and electrons

The atomic number is the same as the number of ________

protons

The mass number is the same as the number of ______ plus ______

protons, neutrons

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of _______ but different numbers of _______

protons, neutrons

Some isotopes are ______ and emit ______. This can be helpful when used for _____, ______, _______, or _______.

radioactive, radiation, cancer, x-rays, microwaves, phones

A compound is different _____ bonded through either a ______ or ______ bond.

atoms, ionic, covalent

Ionic bonds form when ____ with _______ charges attract and Covalent bonds form when _____ share ______

ions, opposite, atoms, electrons

For ionic bonds, gaining an electron makes a ______ ion and losing an electron makes a _____ ion

negative, positive

Non polar molecules are when electrons are shared ______ so there is no ______ on the molecule because it’s keeping the _____ and _____ charges _____

equally, charge, positive, negative, balanced

Polar molecules are when electrons are shared ______ and their formed by _________ bonds

unequally, polar covalent

Hydrogen bonds are when _____ _____ charges on hydrogen atoms are attracted to the _____ ______ charges between _____ molecules

partial positive, partial negative, polar

Oxygen is ____% of our body weight and a componenet of _____ and other compounds

65, water

Carbon is found in all

organic compounds

Hydrogen is a component of _____ and most other compounds in the body

water

Nitrogen is found in ______, _____ ___, and other _____ compounds

proteins, nucleic acids, organic

Calcium is found in ____ and ____. It’s important for _____ _____ function, ____ impulses, _____ contraction, and ____ ______

bones, teeth, plasma membrane, nerve, muscle, blood clotting

Phosphorus is found in _____ and _____, ____ ____, amd high-energy _______

bones, teeth, nucleic acids, compounds

Potassium is important for _____ _____ function, ____ impulses, and _____ contractions

plasma membrane, nerve, muscle

Sodium is important for ____ _____, _____ _____ function, _____ impulses, and _____ contractions

blood volume, plasma membrane, nerve, muscle

Chlorine is important for ____ _____, ______ _____ function, and ____ absorption

blood volume, plasma membrane, water

Magnesium is a ______ for many _____

cofactor, enzymes

Sulfur is found in many _____

proteins

Iron is essential for _____ transport and ____ capture

oxygen, energy

Iodine is a component of ______ of the _____ gland

hormones, thyroid

Protons have _____ electrical charges, Neutrons are electrically _____ which means they are ______, and electrons are much _____ and have a _____ charge.

positive, neutral, uncharged, smaller, negative

Neutrons can make the nucleus ____ and ____ which leads to _____

unstable, decay, radiation

Trace elements are things that are found in _____ quantities within the body

lesser

Which subatomic particle moves extremely fast?

electrons

Electrons are almost always the same amount as the _______. But to find the number of electrons, you take the _____ number minus the ____. To find the charge, you use the ____ number.

protons, atomic, charge, group

Protons are bound together with _______ in the nucleus

neutrons

Electrons allow the _____ to interact with each other

atoms

_____ atoms will bond with something else but ______ atoms will not (reactive and stable)

Reactive, stable

Hydrogen (H2) is formed by a ____ _____ bond and Oxygen (O2) is formed by a ____ ____ bond (covalent, ionic) (single, double)

single covalent, double covalent

True or False: Covalnet bonds can only bond the same elements together

false

Water:

• it’s the most _______ compound in living material

• It’s a universal ______ which means it can _____ more substances than any other ____

• it’s a _____ molecule

• It ______ materials and is how things get into the _____ and then _______ where they need to go

• it’s a ______ for reactions: most _______ reactions occur in water

• ____ ____ Capacity: it helps regulate ____ _______ because it takes a lot of ____ to actually ____ your _____ ___ _______

• _________

• _________: it helps ______ joints and other parts of your body

abundant, solvent, dissolve, liquid, polar, transports, bloodstream, delivered, medium, metabolic, high heat, body temperature, heat, raise, internal body temperature, vaporization, lubrication, lubricate

Reactants are what _____ ____ the reaction and the product is ____ ____

goes into, what’s made

True or False: Most biological processes are reversible

True

Monomers get put together to make a ______, which is aka ________ _______, and polymers get broken down to be _______, which is aka _______

polymer, dehydration synthesis, monomers, hydrolysis

Chemical reactions occur when _______ ____ get formed or broken

chemical bonds

3 types of reactions are ______, _______, and ______

synthesis, decomposition, exchange

A synthesis reaction means “to ______” and is when you take __ ________ things and make a ____ thing

create, 2 different, new

Decomposition is when you _____ something ___ into it’s _________

break, down, original parts

An exchange reaction is when you’re just ______ things _____

swapping, around

Water can dissociate into ___________ and __________

hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions

Electrolytes ______ _____ in water

break down

Acids are ________ that release ___ when they ____ and bases are _______ that release ____

electrolytes, H+, ionize, electrolytes, OH-

Acids and bases react to form ____ and _______ called salts

water, electrolytes

pH is a measure of the _________ of H+ and OH- in solution

concentration

Solutions with equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions is _____ and have a pH of ___

neutral, 7

Acids are solutions with (more/less) (H+/OH-) and have a pH of (>/<) 7 and Bases are solutions with (more/less) (H+/OH-) and have a pH of (>/<) 7

more, H+, <, more, OH-, >

Alkalosis is when blood pH levels rise _____ 7.35-7.45 (which is _____) and can cause sustained ______ _______

above, basic, skeletal contractions

Acidosis is when blood pH levels ____ _____ 7.35-7.45 (which is _____)

lower below, acidic

Organic substances always contain ____, ______, and usuaslly ____

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Most organic substances are ____ _____ of _____ linked with _______ bonds

long chains, carbon, covalent

Most organic compounds are _____ in water

soluble

Macrocolecules are ____ _______ (some examples are _________, ____, _____, and ____ ___)

large molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates are the ___ main energy source and are used for ____-term _____ storage.

calls, short, energy

Carbohydrates structure is ______, _____, and ______ and usually has a _______ ratio

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, 1:2:1

Monosaccharide is a _____ _____

single sugar

Types of Carbohydrates: (3)

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disacchardies are ___ ____. 3 examples are _____, ______, and _____

2 sugars, sucrose, lactose, maitose

what 2 things make sucrose

glucose, fructose

Polysaccharides are ____ _____. 3 examples are ______, _____, and ____

many sugars, cellulose, starch, glycogen

Starch is a ____ acting ____, and it comes from _____. It gets broken down into _____ and used for _____.

slow, carb, plants, glucose, energy

Glycogen is ____-term ___ storage and it gets pulled if you haven’t ___ anything ______

short, energy, eaten, recently

Lipids are the ____-term ____ storage and _______ structure. It can also be a _______ _____

long, energy, membrane, chemical messengers

Are lipids water soluble or not

not

Lipids are made of _____, ______, and ______ and have a _____ ration

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, 1:2:1

Fat & Oils are an exmaple of a ____ and are also ______

lipid, triglycerides

Triglycerides are ___ ________ and a ______

three fatty acids, glycerol

Saturated is (liquid/not liquid) at room temperature and unsaturated is (liquid/not liquid) at room temperature

not liquid, liquid

Fatty acids are ____ _____ chains with attached ______ atoms

long carbon, hydrogen

Phospholipids make up ___ _____. It’s made up of ______, ____ ____, and a ______ group

cell membranes, glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate

Steroids are complex ___ structures. It starts as ________ and is then synthesized by the ____. It’s necesary for all ____.

ring, cholesterol, liver

Protein is the most abdunant _____ ______ in the body. Its structural building blocks that make up your ____, ____, ____, ____, and _____ organs.

organic, molecule, muscles, skin, hair, nails, internal

Proteins serve as _______ ________ and travel through your blood to tell other organs how to function, regulate your _____ and ____ _____.

chemical membranes, growth, blood sugar

Protein is made of ______, _______, _____, ______, and sometimes _____ and ______.

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, nitrogen

A bond between an amino acid is called a ______ bond

peptide

There are ___ amino acids

20

Primary Structure is a sequence of _____ ____ and is the _____/_____ group.

amino acids, amino, carboxyl

Secondary structure results from bonds that form between ____ and at different parts of the _______ chain

atoms, polypeptide

In secondary structure, there are bonds between ____ form ____ ____ (simple _____) or a ____ sheet (____ _____ sheet)

atoms, alpha helix, spiral, beta, flat pleated

Tertiary structure is when _____/______ gives the protein a ___ shape. There are two main types of proteins: ______ and ______

coiling, folding, globular, fibrous

Globular protein examples are ______ and ______ and then fibrous protein examples are _______, ____, and ______

albumin, hemoglobin, keratin, fibrin, collagen

Quaternary structure results from an interaction between multiple ________ chains forming a ______ _____. Hemoglobin is made of __ protein _____, and is what carries _____ in the _____.

polypeptide, protein complex, 4, molecules, blood, oxygen

When the structure of a protein is changed or messed up in any _______, _______, or ______ structure it causes _______

secondary, tertiary, quaternary, denaturing

When a protein is denatured, it causes the _____ to be destroyed

function

What are the 4 denaturing agents?

heat, radiation, pH extremes, super harsh chemicals

Nucleic acids carry _____ _______, control _____ synthesis, and regulate ______ ______.

genetic information, protein, cellular activity

Nucleic acids are composed of ______, ______, _____, _____, and _______

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Nucleotides, which is a _______, are composed of a _______ group, ____ ____, and _________ base

monomer, phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogenous

True or False: DNA can repair itself

true

DNA is made of _______ sugar that creates a _______ with _______

deoxyribose, backbone, phosphate

Which two things bond with what? The 4 options are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Adenine bonds with thymine, guanine bonds with cytosine

Which are pruines and which are pyrimidines? adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Adenine and Guanine are purines, and Thymine and cytosol are pyrimidines

DNA is a ______ helix and it’s the order of _______ in your genetic code

double, nucleotides

RNA is a ______ stranded and isn’t as stable as _____

single, DNA

RNA is made of a ______ ____ that creates a backbone with ______

ribose sugar, phosphate