super giant plus ultra giantic mega knowt for aice international history chapters 1-4

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Constitutional Gov.

A system in which the powers of government are limited by a written constitution, as in the USA, or by an established political method and series of conventions, as in Britain. In both forms, the legality of what government does can be challenged and even overturned in independent law courts

Democracy

A system of government in which the citizens exercise power by electing representatives to form a legislative body, such as a parliament.

Joseph Stalin

He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s.

Shares

A means of investing money in businesses. Investing in a successful business rise in value. Investors aim to buy shares at low prices and then sell them when the value rises.

Unemployment Benefits

Payments made by a state to people who are unable to find a job.

Deflation

A general decline in prices, caused by a reduction in the supply of money and credit. During the Great Depression, it went out of control. As prices of their products fell, employers reduced the wages of their workers, leading to a further downward turn in prices. As unemployment increased, fewer people were able to buy products, leading to a further reduction in prices. Many businesses collapsed.

Adolf Hitler

Appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 following a series of electoral victories by the Nazi Party. He ruled absolutely until his death by suicide in April 1945.

Storm Troopers

Nazi gangs that specifically used violence against Hitler’s opponents. Far from hiding these violent methods, Hitler boasted about them. Worried about the possibility of a communist revolution, the authorities did little to stop them. When the head of the Munich police force was told that such gangs were causing bloodshed throughout the city, he replied that it was a pity there were not more of them.

Munich Putsch

A failed coup by the Nazi Party that led to Hitler’s imprisonment.

Third Reich

The term used by Hitler that linked the present with Germany’s past glories.

Totalitarian

A system of government that is centralized, dictatorial, and requires complete subservience to the state.

Propaganda

The communication of a political or other message by appealing to people’s emotions rather than their reason, encouraging them to be excited rather than to think.

Mein Kampf

A 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.

Lebensraum

The territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development, especially associated with Nazi Germany. A German concept of expansionism.

Benito Mussolini

An Italian nationalist and the founder of Italian Fascism. He ruled Italy from 1922–1925 as Prime Minister, and from 1925–1943 as il Duce, the Fascist dictator.

Italian dictator and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party.

Constitutional Monarchy

A monarchy in which the king or queen is the head of the state, with powers limited by a written constitution of by an established political method or series of conventions, as in Britain. They do not instruct the government. They may appoint or dismiss governments, but only as a result of those governments winning or losing elections, or votes in a national parliament.

Francisco Franco

A general and the leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and the head of state until his death in 1975.

Civil War

A war between citizens of the same country

Popular Front

A political alliance that emerged in the 1930s. It was a coalition of left-wing political parties and organizations that aimed to counter the rise of fascism and promote social and economic reforms. They were formed in various countries, such as France and Spain, and sought to unite different leftist groups to achieve common goals.

CEDA

A Spanish political party. It was founded in 1933 and represented the conservative and right-wing factions in Spain. It aimed to protect the interests of the Catholic Church, landowners, and the business elite. It gained significant support and became one of the major political forces in Spain during that time. However, its rise to power and involvement in the government led to political tensions and contributed to the instability that eventually led to the Spanish Civil War.

Rearmament

The process of equipping military forces with a new supply of weapons.

Conscription

Compulsory military service for certain groups of society, such as men between certain ages.

Luftwaffe

The German air force. It was the largest and most formidable air force in Europe.

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938. It was a political and military action that resulted in Austria becoming part of Germany.

Sudetenland

A region in Czechoslovakia inhabited by a significant German-speaking population. It became a focal point during the prelude to World War II when Adolf Hitler demanded its annexation to Germany in 1938. This led to the Munich Agreement, where the region was ceded to Germany.

Appeasement

A policy of giving in to, rather than confronting, demands made by aggressive nations.

Neville Chamberlain

A British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. He is known for his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, particularly his negotiations with Adolf Hitler over the issue of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. His signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, which allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland, is a significant event in history. However, his policy of appeasement is widely criticized for failing to prevent World War II.

Biased

The support or opposition of a particular opinion in an unfair way, such as by manipulating or distorting evidence.

Manchuria

A region located in East Asia during the 1930s. It was under the control of the Japanese Empire at that time. The Japanese invasion in 1931 marked the beginning of their expansionist policies in the region. This event led to the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932, which was governed by the last Qing emperor, Puyi, under Japanese influence. This region became a significant industrial and agricultural base for Japan during this period.

Abyssinia

In the 1930s, this region was invaded by Italy under the leadership of Mussolini. This invasion resulted in the occupation of the area by Italian forces from 1936 to 1941.

World Disarmament Conference

Sixty countries sent delegates to the meeting that convened in Geneva in February 1932 to consider reductions in armaments, with particular emphasis on offensive weapons. This meeting failed and the arms race continued after it.

Second Sino-Jap War

China began a full-scale resistance to the expansion of Japanese influence in its territory. In 1937, they occupied Beijing, and then Nanjing. For six weeks in Nanjing, the army committed the Nanjing Massacre. The war came to an end in August 1945, after the United States detonated nuclear weapons over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Russian troops invaded from the north and suppressed Japanese forces in Manchuria, while Japanese forces in China were ordered to surrender to Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists.

Haile Selassie

The Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He was a prominent figure in the global community and was known for his efforts to modernize Ethiopia and for his role in promoting African unity. He was also an influential figure in the Rastafarian movement, which considers him to be a messianic figure.

Entrepreneurs

a business man

Liberal Ideology

A political orientation that favors a more assertive role in the redistribution of economic resources, but emphasizes individual freedom on a range of social issues.

Algeciras Crisis

In 1906, this conference held after the First Moroccan Crisis in which the dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco was settled.

Treaty of Sèvres

The upper house of the U.S congress

Locarno Conference

This was a 1925 conference in which France and Germany signed a treaty that guaranteed their boundary. The two countries also agreed not to attack each other in the future.

permanent member

there were four original permanent members: Britain, France, Italy and Japan. The USA was to have been a permanent member but decided not to join the League of Nations. Germany became a fifth permanent member when it joined in 1926. When Germany and Japan both left the League in 1933, the USSR was added as a permanent member

Repatriation

A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

entente

nonbinding agreement to follow common policies

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Paul Kruger

He was the head of the Boer resistance during the Second Boer War.

Spooner Act

This act was passed after the French Panama Canal Company sold its franchise of the Panama Canal for half price. Roosevelt was then able to proceed with the Panama route.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmermann Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany. In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogun and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. Counterweight to the Triple Alliance.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Treaty of Paris

(1898) Treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

Five-Power Treaty

A treaty where Japan had to withdraw some Chinese territory, limit its navy to three fifths the size of Britain and USA navies, and had the Western Powers agree to not develop any new naval bases near Japan

Treaty of Neuilly

A treaty to punish Bulgaria signed in November 1919. Its land was given to, Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania. Limit its armed forces to 20,000 men only. Pay 100 million in reparations

Nine Power Treaty

A treaty established in 1922 where there's a reinvention of the open door policy, and all members (USA, Britain, Japan, France, China, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, & Portugal) are allowed to have equal and fair trading rights with China

L. George

Wanted less severe settlements to not punish Germany harshly, as it may grow a sense of revenge

Corfu Incident

In 1923, Mussolini occupied the Greek island of Corfu after the murder of an Italian diplomat

Treaty of Lausanne

A treaty established in 1923 that ended the Turkish war and noticed the territorial honesty of an independent Turkey

Four Power Treaty

The treaty in which the USA, Britain, France, and Japan agreed to respect each others rights in the Pacific and Far East, and to discuss any future conflict by negotiation; Also ended Britain and Japans alliance

Minority Group

People who are singled out for unequal treatment and regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

Young Plan

(1929) Schedule that set limits to Germany's reparation payments and reduced the agreed-on time for occupation of the Ruhr.

Covenant

A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made.

Teschen

An area of rich mineral resources claimed by both Poland and Czechoslovakia; the LON split the region in half

Council of Ambassadors

Often took decisions, because the Council and Assembly only met occasionally. Was an intergovernmental agency, founded in 1919 to implement the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

Financial Assistance

Cash payments by a government to individuals in need

Treaty of Shimonoseki

treaty that ended sino japanese war

imperial

relating to empire

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Deflation

value of money goes down

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Geopolitics

study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography

Leopold II

Belgium king who cut off people hands in the congo

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Economic Integration

occurs when two or more nations join to form a free-trade zone

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Social Imperialism

The argument that imperialism served as a means of diverting attention away from domestic problems.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Pressure Groups

a group that tries to influence public policy in the interest of a particular cause.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Weltpolitik

The policy of making Germany a major global power through an expanding navy and the acquisition of colonies, ("world politics")

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence

Trade Monopoly

The right to be the only ones to trade with a certain region

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Slav

a member of a group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavic languages.

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.

Three C's

The Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone for instance saw the aim of missionary societies in Africa to be the spread of the three Cs (Christianity, Commerce, Civilization)

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Patriotism

love of one's country

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

Fashoda

Military confrontation between Great Britain and France in the Sudan in 1898

First Opium War

Conflict waged between China and Great Britain in 1839 after Chinese customs officials refused British imports of Indian opium due to the addictive effects it had on Chinese workers; this war weakened the Qing Dynasty and made China more vulnerable to unequal trade with the West.

Second Opium War

Lasting from 1856-1860, this war resulted from the Western European desire to further weaken Chinese sovereignty over trade, to legalize the opium trade, and to expand the export of indentured workers whose situations closely resembled slavery.