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Who gets what, when, how?
A question posed by Harold Lasswell to describe the allocation of resources and power in politics.
Politics is war without bloodshed.
A quote by Mao Zedong encapsulating the nature of politics as a struggle for power.
You can’t ignore politics, no matter how much you’d like to.
A statement by Molly Ivins emphasizing the pervasive nature of politics in everyday life.
Politics is an art.
A quote by Bismarck, suggesting that politics requires skill and creativity.
The Allegory of Good / Bad Government.
A famous artwork by Lorenzetti illustrating the virtues and vices of governance.
State
The apparatus of government that enforces laws and policies.
Civil society
The realm of social organizations that operate independently from the government, including businesses and trade unions.
Public realm
The sphere of politics, commerce, work, art, and culture.
Personal realm
The domain of family and domestic life.
Rise of populism
The growing trend of favoring conflicts over compromise in political discourse.
Realists in politics
Those who believe power is the core element of political dynamics.
Marxists and Feminists
Groups that see politics reflected in all social activities and facets of human existence.
Falsifiability
A criterion in politics aiming to determine the truthfulness of political statements.
Normative vs positive
Distinction between what ought to be (normative) and what is (positive) in political analysis.
Empirical tradition
An approach to studying politics based on observation and experience.
Philosophical tradition
A theoretical approach to understanding political concepts and ideologies.
Behavioralism
A political science theory focusing on the behavior of individuals and groups.
Rational-choice theory
An approach that assumes individuals act based on rational calculations to maximize their benefits.
Critical approaches in political science
Perspectives such as postmodernism, Marxism, and feminism that challenge traditional political theories.
Polity
The world of political institutions that constitute the framework of governance.
Constitution
A set of rules that establishes the structure and principles of government.
Qualified majority
A voting threshold requiring more than a simple majority for decisions.
Protection of Constitution
Measures to safeguard constitutional provisions from being easily amended.
Entrenched clauses
Provisions in a constitution that are safeguarded from amendments or abolishment.
Legislature
The branch of government responsible for making laws, typically embodied in a parliament or congress.
Second Chamber / Upper House
A part of a bicameral legislature that often represents sub-national units.
Cabinet
The group of advisors to the head of government responsible for directing policy.
Political executive
The branch of government responsible for implementing laws and policies.
Head of State
The highest official in a country, representing the state at ceremonial events.
Parliamentary system
A system of governance in which the executive is accountable to the legislature.
Presidential system
A system of governance where the president is elected separately from the legislature.
Chancellor-type system
A system where the chancellor plays a central role in government decision-making.
Hybrid regimes
Political systems that are not fully democratic nor authoritarian.
Dictatorial regimes
Government structures characterized by centralized power and limited political freedoms.
Totalitarianism
A political system that seeks to control all aspects of public and private life.
Judicial review
The power of courts to decide on the constitutionality of laws and actions.
Constitutional Courts
Special courts responsible for overseeing constitutional matters.
Judicial activism
The tendency of courts to interpret laws and constitutions loosely to promote social change.
Separation of powers
The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches.
Common law tradition
A legal system based on judicial precedents and case law.
Civil law tradition
A legal system based on written codes and comprehensive statutes.
Ombudspersons
Officials appointed to investigate complaints against the government.
Monetary policy
The process by which the central bank manages the money supply and interest rates.
Public Administration
The implementation and management of public policy and government affairs.
Political System
The framework through which government operates and interacts with the public.
Bicameralism
A system of governance with two legislative chambers.
Unitary states
Countries with a centralized government where local authorities derive power from the central government.
Federal countries
Nations characterized by a division of power between a central government and sub-units.
Confederations
Loose associations of independent states that retain their sovereignty.
Political patronage
The practice of granting favors or positions to loyal supporters.
Authoritarianism
A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
Procedural democracy
A system where elections are held but civil liberties are restricted.
Electoral College
A body of electors established by the U.S. Constitution to elect the president.
Party system
The structure of political parties within a political system.
Political factions
Groups within a political party or system that hold different views or agendas.
Political mobilization
The process of engaging and encouraging individuals to participate in political activities.
Interest aggregation
The process of combining different interests and demands into a cohesive policy.
Political socialization
The process by which individuals learn and internalize political values and norms.
Legitimisation
The process through which a government gains recognition and acceptance of its authority.
Political ideologies
Sets of beliefs about politics and governance guiding political behavior and policy.
Political culture
The set of attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments that shape the political behavior of a society.
Pluralism
A system that recognizes and affirms diversity within a political body.
Referendum
A direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal.
Constitutionalism
The principle that government authority is derived from and limited by a constitution.
Normative political theory
Examination of how politics ought to be, with ethical implications.
Non-democratic legitimation
Methods by which non-democratic regimes justify their authority.
Checks and balances
A system that ensures no one branch of government becomes too powerful.
Civil rights
Rights protecting individuals' freedoms from infringement by government.
Minority rights
The rights and protections afforded to minority groups within a society.
Hybrid regimes features
Governments that display characteristics of both democratic and authoritarian systems.
Theocratic regimes
Governments in which religious leaders control political authority.
Military regimes
Governments led by military officials, often following a coup d'état.
Democratisation
The transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic political system.
Political ideologies
Frameworks that guide political theory, policy, and behavior.
Political patronage
The appointment or promotion of individuals to government positions based on loyalty.
Military-backed personalized dictatorship
A regime where a single military leader dominates, often with strong support from the armed forces.
Systematic transformation
Fundamental changes to a political system, often involving regime change.
Stages of democratization
Phases through which a society transitions to a more democratic system.
Party
An organized group seeking political power through electoral competition.
Political factions
Internal divisions within political parties based on differing views.
Candidate selection
The process through which political parties select individuals to run for office.
Political representation
The activity of elected officials representing the interests of their constituents.
Electoral system
The method by which votes are translated into political power.
Representation
The action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or something.
Party competition
The contest between different political parties for control of government positions.
Interest articulation
The process by which individuals and groups express their interests.
Voting behavior
The way in which individuals approach and participate in elections.
