Unit 7: Lessons 12-14 Vocab Words

Main Causes of WWI

• Militarism 

• Alliances (triple entente vs triple alliance)

• Imperialism 

• Nationalism

Assassination of Archduke FF

• Catalyst of the war: Led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and the start of WWI

Trench Warfare

• was a military strategy used during WWI.

• Dug to protect themselves from enemy fire.

• It was characterized by static, defensive positions and brutal conditions.

• Soldiers lived in narrow, muddy environments.

• They faced constant artillery bombardment and the threat of disease.

• It was eventually overcome by new tactics and technologies, such as tanks and improved artillery.

lusitania

• The first big strike

• British passenger liner torpedoed without warning and sunk off coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915 – sinks in 18 minutes!

• 1,198 died including 128 Americans

• Press goes with tales of barbarism

Sussex Pledge

• Fearing the entry of the U.S into WWI, Germany issued this, which promised a change in Germany’s naval warfare policy.

• Passenger ships would not be targeted.

• Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship

• Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew.

1916 election

• Declaring “He kept us out of war”, Wilson is the Democratic nominee. suee

“He kept us out of war”

• The democrats adopted their campaigning slogan

• Reflecting on Wilson

Zimmerman Telegram

• Written in Jan, discovered in February

• Foreign minister Zimmermann asks Mexico to join Germany in exchange for return of the southwest (from treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo) U.S. British intercept message

Impact of Russian Revolution

• Wilson was bothered that one of the allies was Russia, a nation governed by an autocratic czar.

American Expeditionary Force

• led by Pershing and is made up of volunteers and National Guard (14,500 men)

• They ask that army be increased to 1 million by 1918 and 3 million by 1919

• 1st fully effective force doesn’t arrive ‘till 1 year after we declare war

General Pershing

• Led the American Expeditionary Force

Harlem Hellfighters

• Were an African American infantry unit that served in World War I.

• They spent more time in combat than any other American unit during the war.

• The unit received numerous awards and commendations for their bravery and valor in battle.

• Faced discrimination and racism both within and outside the military.

• Despite the challenges they faced, the unit's performance helped challenge racial stereotypes and paved the way for future African American soldiers.

Henry Johnson

• Was an African-American soldier who served in World War I.

• He was a member of the 369th Infantry Regiment, also known as the "Harlem Hellfighters."

• His actions during a German raid on his unit's position in 1918 earned him recognition for his bravery.

• He fought off multiple German soldiers using his rifle, bayonet, and even his bare hands.

• Johnson sustained multiple injuries during the battle, including gunshot wounds and a shattered arm.

• He was later awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his heroism.

• Johnson's story gained renewed attention in recent years, leading to posthumous recognition and honors.

Selective Service act

• 1917

• authorizes draft for all men between 18-45, no sub or pay way out

• 24 million registered, lottery picks 3 million

National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

• The primary goal of the organization was to achieve voting rights for women by means of a Congressional amendment to the Constitution and to allow ONLY women members.

19th amendment

• On August 18, 1920, Tennessee passed this to the U.S. Constitution by a one-vote margin, becoming the 36th state to ratify the measure and clearing the way for its official adoption.

• Granted women the right to vote.

Carrie Chapman Catt

• was president of NAWSA from 1900 to 1904 and again from 1915 onward. 

Alice Paul and National Women’s Party (NWP)

• Her initial work was to organize a parade in Washington the day before President Wilson's inauguration. 

• Didn’t want to wait any longer and found NAWSA too moderate of a group. She and Lucy Burns formed the Congressional Union.

• With its RADICAL tactics, it gained headlines, while NAWSA was negotiating with Congressmen who had the votes.

• Had to be forced to eat due to hunger strikes and then soon they got released because of the press.

Committee of Public Info (CPI)

• Have to mobilize minds = George Creel

War bonds

• Government-issued financial instruments sold during war to raise funds

• Purchasers lend money to the government in exchange for a fixed interest rate

• Funds used for war-related expenses

• Seen as a patriotic duty

• Varying maturity periods and interest rates

• Redeemable for face value plus interest after the war

Espionage and Sedition Acts

• illegal to interfere with draft (1917)

  • Postmaster can bar treacherous material

• (1918) illegal to obstruct sale of liberty bonds or to discuss anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about gov’t

Schneck vs U.S

• this guy mailed letters to men who were drafted urging them to not respond and then he was convicted of breaking espionage act - but then he like I have freedom of speech

• Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes says gov’t is justified in silencing free speech when there is a “Clear and Present Danger”

  • Compares to shouting FIRE in a crowded theater which would cause dangerous panic

14 points

wilson’s plan for peace

1. No secret alliances

2. No more U Boat attacks

3. No more blockades

4. Get rid of weapons, etc.

   5-13 . Self Determination (Nations pick their own government)

   14. LEAGUE OF NATIONS = world peace keeping organization

The Big four

• Woodrow Wilson: Proposed the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations

• David Lloyd George: Focused on reparations and British interests.

• Georges Clemenceau: Sought punishments for Germany and the return of Alsace-Lorraine.

• Vittorio Orlando: Aimed for territorial gains for Italy

Treaty of Versailles

• Germany must give up their military.

• Germany must give up their colonies.

• Germany must pay reparations (money.)

• Germany must accept responsibility for the war.

• League of Nations will be set up.

League of Nations

• world peace keeping organization

Henry Cabot Lodge

• created the 14 reservations

14 reservations

• Made by the United States Senate when ratifying the Treaty of Versailles after World War I.

• Proposed by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and aimed to modify certain aspects of the treaty to protect American sovereignty and interests.

• Focused on issues such as the League of Nations, the role of the United States in international conflicts, and the ability to make decisions without the approval of Congress.

• They reflected a desire to maintain American independence and avoid entanglement in foreign affairs.