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Main Causes of WWI
Militarism
Alliances (triple entente vs triple alliance)
Imperialism
Nationalism
Assassination of Archduke FF
Catalyst of the war: Led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and the start of WWI
Trench Warfare
was a military strategy used during WWI.
Dug to protect themselves from enemy fire.
It was characterized by static, defensive positions and brutal conditions.
Soldiers lived in narrow, muddy environments.
They faced constant artillery bombardment and the threat of disease.
It was eventually overcome by new tactics and technologies, such as tanks and improved artillery.
lusitania
The first big strike
British passenger liner torpedoed without warning and sunk off coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915 – sinks in 18 minutes!
1,198 died including 128 Americans
Press goes with tales of barbarism
Sussex Pledge
Fearing the entry of the U.S into WWI, Germany issued this, which promised a change in Germany’s naval warfare policy.
Passenger ships would not be targeted.
Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship
Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew.
1916 election
Declaring “He kept us out of war”, Wilson is the Democratic nominee. suee
“He kept us out of war”
The democrats adopted their campaigning slogan
Reflecting on Wilson
Zimmerman Telegram
Written in Jan, discovered in February
Foreign minister Zimmermann asks Mexico to join Germany in exchange for return of the southwest (from treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo) U.S. British intercept message
Impact of Russian Revolution
Wilson was bothered that one of the allies was Russia, a nation governed by an autocratic czar.
American Expeditionary Force
led by Pershing and is made up of volunteers and National Guard (14,500 men)
They ask that army be increased to 1 million by 1918 and 3 million by 1919
1st fully effective force doesn’t arrive ‘till 1 year after we declare war
General Pershing
Led the American Expeditionary Force
Harlem Hellfighters
Were an African American infantry unit that served in World War I.
They spent more time in combat than any other American unit during the war.
The unit received numerous awards and commendations for their bravery and valor in battle.
Faced discrimination and racism both within and outside the military.
Despite the challenges they faced, the unit's performance helped challenge racial stereotypes and paved the way for future African American soldiers.
Henry Johnson
Was an African-American soldier who served in World War I.
He was a member of the 369th Infantry Regiment, also known as the "Harlem Hellfighters."
His actions during a German raid on his unit's position in 1918 earned him recognition for his bravery.
He fought off multiple German soldiers using his rifle, bayonet, and even his bare hands.
Johnson sustained multiple injuries during the battle, including gunshot wounds and a shattered arm.
He was later awarded the French Croix de Guerre for his heroism.
Johnson's story gained renewed attention in recent years, leading to posthumous recognition and honors.
Selective Service act
1917
authorizes draft for all men between 18-45, no sub or pay way out
24 million registered, lottery picks 3 million
National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
The primary goal of the organization was to achieve voting rights for women by means of a Congressional amendment to the Constitution and to allow ONLY women members.
19th amendment
On August 18, 1920, Tennessee passed this to the U.S. Constitution by a one-vote margin, becoming the 36th state to ratify the measure and clearing the way for its official adoption.
Granted women the right to vote.
Carrie Chapman Catt
was president of NAWSA from 1900 to 1904 and again from 1915 onward.
Alice Paul and National Women’s Party (NWP)
Her initial work was to organize a parade in Washington the day before President Wilson's inauguration.
Didn’t want to wait any longer and found NAWSA too moderate of a group. She and Lucy Burns formed the Congressional Union.
With its RADICAL tactics, it gained headlines, while NAWSA was negotiating with Congressmen who had the votes.
Had to be forced to eat due to hunger strikes and then soon they got released because of the press.
Committee of Public Info (CPI)
Have to mobilize minds = George Creel
War bonds
Government-issued financial instruments sold during war to raise funds
Purchasers lend money to the government in exchange for a fixed interest rate
Funds used for war-related expenses
Seen as a patriotic duty
Varying maturity periods and interest rates
Redeemable for face value plus interest after the war
Espionage and Sedition Acts
illegal to interfere with draft (1917)
Postmaster can bar treacherous material
(1918) illegal to obstruct sale of liberty bonds or to discuss anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about gov’t
Schneck vs U.S
this guy mailed letters to men who were drafted urging them to not respond and then he was convicted of breaking espionage act - but then he like I have freedom of speech
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes says gov’t is justified in silencing free speech when there is a “Clear and Present Danger”
Compares to shouting FIRE in a crowded theater which would cause dangerous panic
14 points
wilson’s plan for peace
No secret alliances
No more U Boat attacks
No more blockades
Get rid of weapons, etc.
5-13 . Self Determination (Nations pick their own government)
LEAGUE OF NATIONS = world peace keeping organization
The Big four
Woodrow Wilson: Proposed the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations
David Lloyd George: Focused on reparations and British interests.
Georges Clemenceau: Sought punishments for Germany and the return of Alsace-Lorraine.
Vittorio Orlando: Aimed for territorial gains for Italy
Treaty of Versailles
Germany must give up their military.
Germany must give up their colonies.
Germany must pay reparations (money.)
Germany must accept responsibility for the war.
League of Nations will be set up.
League of Nations
world peace keeping organization
Henry Cabot Lodge
created the 14 reservations
14 reservations
Made by the United States Senate when ratifying the Treaty of Versailles after World War I.
Proposed by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and aimed to modify certain aspects of the treaty to protect American sovereignty and interests.
Focused on issues such as the League of Nations, the role of the United States in international conflicts, and the ability to make decisions without the approval of Congress.
They reflected a desire to maintain American independence and avoid entanglement in foreign affairs.