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Lenses
Optical devices that work by refracting light to form images.
Refraction
The bending of light as it moves through different surfaces.
Focal Point
The point where parallel rays of light converge after passing through a lens.
Focal Length
The distance between the center of the lens and the focal point.
Myopia
A condition of short-sightedness treated with diverging lenses.
Hyperopia
A condition of long-sightedness treated with converging lenses.
Sound
A longitudinal mechanical wave produced by vibrating objects.
Vacuum
A space where sound cannot travel.
Speed
Calculated using the formula distance/time.
Volume of Sound
Determined by amplitude; higher amplitude means higher volume.
Frequency
Determines pitch; higher frequency results in higher pitch.
White Light
A spectrum of colors including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Transverse Waves
Waves that oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.
Radio Waves
Waves with the lowest frequency and shortest wavelength, used in remote controls.
Microwaves
Waves that cause water molecules to vibrate and can heat human tissue at high intensity.
Infrared (IR) Waves
Used in thermal imaging and can cause skin burns; contribute to global warming.
Ultraviolet (UV) Waves
Cause suntans and sunburns; used for sterilization; can cause skin cancer.
UVA
Low-energy UV radiation, less dangerous.
UVB
High-energy UV radiation, causes sunburns and skin cancer.
UVC
Very dangerous UV radiation, blocked by the ozone layer.
X-rays
Can penetrate soft tissue but are absorbed by bone, used for detecting injuries.
Gamma rays
Highest energy and frequency waves, emitted by radioactive materials, used in radiotherapy.
Water Waves
Transverse waves where oscillation is perpendicular to wave direction.
Reflection
The bouncing back of light from surfaces, following the law of reflection.
Law of Reflection
States that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Refraction
The bending of light as it passes through transparent materials.