Human Growth and Development Final Exam

Lifespan Developement

the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan

Physical Developement

involves the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep as a determinant of behavior. Height, weight, and brain development

Cognitive Development

involves the ways that growth and change in learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence influence a person's behavior. Abilities related to intelligence, memory, and though processes

Psychosocial

Personality Development and Social Developement

Personality Development

involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span

Social Developement

is the way in which individual's interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.

Prenatal Stages

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Germinal Stage

First two weeks post-conception; zygote forms and attaches to the uterine wall. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum join to form a new cell.

embryonic stage

Weeks 3-8; major organs begin to form

fetal stage

weeks 9 to birth; rapid growth and further development of body systems

stages of labor

first, second, and third stage

first stage of labor

Longest Stage; contractions every 8-10 minutes lasting 30 seconds; contractions increase to their greatest intensity 'transition'; Mother's cervix opens.

second stage of labor

Ends when baby is born; Baby's head moves through birth canal.

third stage of labor

Shortest stage; occurs when umbilical cord and placenta are expelled.

Developmental Influences

teratogens, miscarriage, genetics vs enviorment, motor skills, reflexes in infants, senses in newborns, Placenta's role, and SIDS

Teratogens

environmental agents causing birth defects. Substances like drugs, alcohol, and certain medications that can harm fetal development, particularly during sensitive periods.

miscarriage

spontaneous abortion

Genetics vs. Environment

Heredity is associated with 'nature,' and environment with 'nurture.'

Motor Skills

fine motor skills and gross motor skills

fine motor skills

activities like writing and grapsing. small movements (grasping, using utensils)

gross motor skills

activities involving large muscles, like balancing. Large movements (crawling, walking)

Reflexes in Infants

Rooting reflex, Moro reflex, grasping reflex

rooting reflex

infants turn their head toward a touch on the cheek, aiding in feeding

moro reflex

startle responses to loss of support or loud sounds

grasping reflex

automatic grasp when an object is placed in the infant's hand

senses in newborns

Vision is the least developed sense at birth; hearing and taste are more advanced.

Placenta's role

Transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and removes waste.

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome; leading cause of death in infants

early childhood

attachement, parenting styles, Erikson's Psychosocial stages, gender development, Piaget's stages of cognitive developemnt, Vygotsky's zone of proximal developement, therory of mind, and types of play

attachment

bond between infant and caregiver (Ainsworth's "secure base")

secure attachement pattern

confident needs will be consistently met

avoidant attachment pattern

Insecure, clinging behavior, fear of abandonment.

ambivalent attachment pattern

Avoids contact, appears independent; result of unmet needs and learned self-sufficiency.

disorganized-disoriented attachment patters

most insecure; marked by confusion in interpreting emotions

types of attachment

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized-disoriented

types of parenting styles (Baumrind)

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

Authoritative

clear rules with communication

Authoritarian

Strict with less explanation

Permissive

Few rules, highly responsive

uninvolved parenting

indifferent, detached

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame, and Initiative vs Guilt

Trust vs Mistrust

infancy

Autonomy vs Shame

Toddlerhood

Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool age

Gender Development

Gender roles, gender Identity

gender roles

cultural expectations for male/female behavior

gender identity

self-identification as male, female, or nonbinary; typically well established by preschool age

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor stage and Preoperational stage

Sensorimotor Stage

knowledge develops through sensory experiences (0-2 years)

preoperational stage

development of language and imagination; thinking is egocentric. language and symboitc play emerge. children develop symbolic thinking but struggle with logic (2-7 years)

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance; learning occures with guidance just beyond the child's current ability level; language and counting skills

language and counting skills

Language skills expand, and basic numeracy (like counting) begins during the preschool years.

theory of mind

the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives different from one's own; typically develops around age 4-5

types of play

solitary, parallel, and cooperative

solitary play

palying alone

parallel play

playing alongside others wtihout interaction

cooperative play

playing together, sharing, and coordinating activities

Physical Growth

Rapid changes in height, weight, and motor skills

Cognitive skills

language developement and ability to process symbolic play

Piaget's states of operational thought

child enters concrete operational stage in ages 7 to 12; involves applying logical operations to concrete problems

children can solve conservation problems; attain reversibility; are tied to concrete, physical reality

Moral Development (Kohlberg)

Preconventional morality (stages 1 and 2): People follow rules, attentive to rewards and punishements

Conventional Morality (stages 3 and 4): People approach problems in terms of their own position as good, responsible members of society

Postconventional morality (stages 5 and 6): Universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than a particular society

Social and Emotional

Developement of industry (competence) or inferiority in elementary years (Erikson's stages)

Adolescent Development

Puberty, Cognitve Development, Cognitive changes, Identity Developement, Identity formation, Autonomy and Peer Influence, Psychosocial development, eating disorders

middle childhood

Physical growth, cognitive skills, moral developement (Kohlberg), social and emotional

puberty

onset of reproductive capability; growth surts and secondary sex characteristics (body hair, boice changes). Triggered by hormones such as testosterone in males and estrogen in females, leading to physical changes and reproductive maturity.

accidents

leading cause of death for adolescents and young adults

Cognitive Development

formal operational stage (Plaget): Adolescents can think abstractly and hypothetically

Adolescents develop the ability to consider potential outcomes and plan for the future

cognitive changes

abstract thinking, moral reasoning (moving from conventional to postconventional stages in Kohlberg's model)

Identity development

Marcia's Indentity Statuses

Marcia's Identity Statuses

Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Identity Achievement

Identity Diffusion

Lack of commitment and exploration

Foreclosure

commitment without exploration, often influenced by parents or authority

Moratorium

Active exploration of identity without commitment.

Identity Achievement

committing to an identity after exploring options

Identity Formation

Personal Fable: Feeling of uniqueness in experiences

Imaginary Audience: belief that everyone is focused on them

Autonomy and Peer Influence

Adolescents may question family beliefs and values; peer groups play a significant role in shaping behavior and identity. Adolescents seek independence from parents, which often leads to conflicts as they assert their individuality

Psychosocial Development

Identity vs Role Confusion: Erikson's stage focusing on self-discovery. Adolescents explore different roles and beliefs to form a cohesive sense of self.

Eating disorders

Anorexia Nervosa: intense fear of weight pain

Bulimia Nervosa: Bingeing followed by purging

Adulthood development

Early adulthood, Middle adulthood, Late adulthood, Cognitive Development in Adulthood, Selective Optimization with Compensation

Early adulthood

intimacy vs isolation: Erikson's stage focused on forming intimate relationships.

Physical abilities peak in early adulthood and gradually decline with age

Middle Adulthood

Erikson's Generativity vs Stagnation: Contributing to society and guiding the next generation.

Onset of primary aging (biological) and secondary aging (influenced by lifestyle).

Menopause: The permanent end of menstruation.

Common changes in middle and late adulthood include reduced flexibility, slower reaction times, and decreased bone density.

Late adulthood

Erikson's Integrity vs Despair: Reflecting on life and accomplishments.

Common health concerns: osteoporosis (fragile bones), heart disease (leading cause of death).

Selective Optimization: focusing on skills to compensate for aging losses.

Cognitive development in adulthood

fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

fluid intelligence

problem-solving and adaptability, tends to decline with age

crystalized intelligence

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, often remains stable or improves with age.

memory and processing speed may delcine in later adulthood, but wisdom and knowledge typically remain stable

selective optimization with compensation

a strategy where older adults focus on maintaining strengths and compensating for declines to adapt to aging changes

end of life and aging

aging terms, cognitive decline, and Psychosocial aspects

aging terms

primary aging and secondary aging

primary aging

natural, biological aging process

secondary aging

influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors

cognitive decline

dementia and memory related issues

Psychosocial aspects

role of hospice care (end of life care) emotional support

grief: emotional responses to significant loss

euthanasia: assisting terminally ill patients to end life swiftly

Nature vs. Nurture

the debate over hereditary versus environmental factors in development

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Eight stages of psychosocial development across lifespan, focusing on core conflicts that shape personality

Trust vs Mistrust (0-1)

Trust based on caregivers' reliability.

Autonomy vs Shame (1-3)

Independence fosters confidence.

Initiative vs guilt (3-6)

Encouragement leads to confidence.

Industry vs. Inferiority (7-11)

Success builds self-confidence.

identity vs. role confusion (12-18)

Exploration forms personal identity.

intimacy vs isolation (19-29)

Establishing deep relationships.