Unit 8/9 AP Modern World History Terms

May Fourth Movement

a national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference

Tianamen Square (Massacre)

a huge public space in Beijing, China; in 1989, the site of a student uprising in support of democratic reforms

Cultural Revolution

a 1966-1976 uprising in China led by the Red Guards, with the goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal

Green Revolution

a 20th-century attempt to increase food resources worldwide, involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the development of disease-resistant crops

Amritsar Massacre

killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians gathered at Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt Acts (1919)

Salt March

a peaceful protest against the Salt Acts in 1930 in India in which Mohandas Gandhi led his followers on a 240-mile walk to the sea, where they made their own salt from evaporated seawater

(Indian) Partition

a division into parts, like the 1947 division of the British colony of India into the two nations of India and Pakistan

swaraj

self-rule; Muslims advocated for this after Hindu nationalists supported violence (1906, All India Muslim League)

satyagraha

truth-force; the form of civil disobedience/nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms

nonalignment policy

several countries chose to refuse in the Cold War- instead of picking a side between the USA and the USSR, they instead chose to remain neutral

sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband (ritualistic suicide)

Kashmir

A region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent; India and Pakistan dispute control of it.

mujahadeen

Pakistani resistance group that was supported financially and through military measures by the United States amidst the Soviet-Afghanistan conflict

Bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay); produces more movies than any other country and has great appeal worldwide, especially in Southeast Asia and the Middle East

Slum-dog millionaire

a film that directed attention and popularity toward India and its large democracy; directed by Danny Boyle

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi

Political leader and spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain after WWI; he stressed non violent but aggressive protesting and civil disobedience.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Great Leap Forward

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society - it was a disaster as ~30 million Chinese starved to death

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms, such as opening up China to international trade, after the death of Mao Zedong

China's 2002 Olympic Logo

a stylized version of the Chinese character "jīng" (京), meaning "capital," and it's known as "Dancing Beijing," symbolizing an open invitation to the world to celebrate peace, friendship, and progress

Sun Yat Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

leader of the Kuomintang Nationalists; when he lost the Chinese Civil War he had to flee to Taiwan

Guomindang

Political party that ruled China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976 - Figurehead of Communist China [Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun (Chinese: 枪杆子里面出政权)]

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Rape of Nanjing

a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army (1937-1938) - heightened Chinese nationalism to turn it into a great nation

Three People's Principles

These were the three main parts of Sun Yat-Sen's revolutionary platform. They can be summarized as: 1.) Nationalism (self-rule as opposed to Manchu rule or foreign rule) 2.) Republicanism (full democracy to be phased in gradually and 3.) "People's Livelihood" (sometimes translated as "Socialism".)

21 Demands

a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate

Pakistan

Created as a state for Muslim citizens of the British colony of India, created from a partition that was very bloody as people fled to the state (borders were not drawn wisely and violence ensued)

Indian National Congress

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule, members wanted a say in politics (British colony) and more self-autonomy

Haile Selassie

last emperor of Ethiopia, called on the League of Nations for help against Italy (1935)

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained (1957), he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues

Julius Nyerere

President of Tanzania who advocated an African form of socialism (pan-Africanism); wanted to improve Tanzania's economy (hard work is the only way)

Patrice Lumumba

First Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Congo - eventually arrested and murdered (6 months after taking office)

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994 (first Black president)

Kofi Annan

Secretary General of the United Nations from 1997-2007. From Ghana- winner of the Nobel Peace Prize

Mandate system

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision

head tax

a flat or uniform tax levied equally on every taxpayer, regardless of their income or circumstances

palm oil, peanuts, tea, and coffee

cash crops grown on European-owned plantations in Africa

African National Congress [ANC]

After Black people were displaced and denied citizenship from the white powers in the recently independent South Africa, they formed this group in 1912

Obafemi Awolowo

a leading Igbo politician and head of Biafra during the civil war in Nigeria in the late 1960s (Nigerian politician, said Nigeria was a "mere geographical expression")

Pan-Africanism

the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa (concept akin to socialism)

1960, the "year of Africa"

17 new countries, notably Tanzania, the DRC, Senegal, and Nigeria, gained independence

Joseph Motubu Sese Seko

Congolese General that succeeded Lumumba after his death and gained power through a CIA-sponsored military coup

Zaire

Sese Seko renamed the Congo to this to prove his anti-colonial credentials

wabenzi

"vampire elites": extremely wealthy people in Africa, Sese Seko became one of these in his 37 years of presidency

Négritude

literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements (founded by Leopold Senghor, the leader of Senegal and a poet/philosopher)

Biafra

Eastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Igbo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated in 1970 - in the war between ethnic groups for this territory, over a million citizens died

Mau Mau

A violent movement against European settlers that eventually led to Kenya's decolonization from Britain (fighters that blew up trains, warehouses, and government buildings)

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya - was arrested by the British because of his supposed ties to Mau Mau

harambee

means "pull together" in Swahili, became a Kenyan motto

Rhodesia

became independent in 1965 because whites unilaterally declared independence to prevent majority Black rule

Zimbabwe

formerly Rhodesia, became independent after GB didn't recognize its independence and the blacks fought back - 14 years of civil war

Robert Mugabe

Zimbabwe's first and only president (corruption) - under his rule, the country went from a major continental food exporter to one of the world's poorest nations

Afrikaaner

White, European citizens of South Africa that are from Dutch or British backgrounds

apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Bantustans

homelands for displaced Black people as a result of apartheid (poor quality homes)

Soweto uprising

(1976) a major student protest against apartheid that took place in the township of Soweto; the peaceful march turned violent, killing more than 600 people and wounding 4,000

Steven Biko

South Africa--As a founder of the Black Consciousness Movement, he inspired blacks in South Africa to express their pride as a people and to confront the apartheid system as a group. His death in police custody angered members of all races and ultimately served to intensify the struggle agains the South African regime both inside and outside the country's borders

Big-Man rule

corrupt, autocratic and often totalitarian rule of countries by a single person

Hutu

The majority ethnic tribe in Rwanda who was responsible for the 1994 genocide - angry at the Tutsis because the Europeans favored them even though they were a minority

Tutsi

a member of a people forming a minority of the population of Rwanda and Burundi, who formerly dominated the Hutu majority. Historical antagonism between the peoples led in 1994 to large-scale ethnic violence, especially in Rwanda - were subjected to a genocide at the hands of the Hutus

Darfur

Western section of the country of Sudan which has suffered civil war since 2003 and has had over 300,000 people killed and 2.7 million people displaced from their homes

Che Guevara

was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous counter-cultural symbol.

Juan and Eva Peron

A controversial couple of Argentina who took over after WWII. They appealed to the lower class, raised salaries of working class. But under them the government controlled the press and denied civil liberties.

Augusto Pinochet Ugarte

Totalitarian leader of the Chilean military junta for 17 years (missing people, government censorship)

Bob Marley

Jamaican singer who popularized reggae around the world (1945-1981)

Fidel Castro

Cuban Marxist Revolutionary that rose to power succeeding Batista - helped to make Cuba more prosperous and was backed by the USSR

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry

banana republic

a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas)

Augusto Sandino

Led a guerrilla resistance movement against U.S. occupation forces in Nicaragua; assassinated by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1934; became national hero and symbol of resistance to U.S. influence in Central America.

di eagle and di bear

a song by Jamaican-British poet Linton Kwesi Johnson - symbolizes the eagle (US), the bear (USSR), and the Cold War

Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán

elected "socialist" in Guatemala (1954) and was overthrown by a CIA-led coup

United Fruit Co.

Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954

Fulgencio Batista

He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro - had done little to benefit the nation's poor

Salvador Allende

elected Marxist/leftist president in Chile, overthrown by a military coup three years later (1970-73)

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. They lost national elections in 1990.

Contras

Anti-Sandinista fighters in the Nicaraguan civil war. The Contras were secretly supplied with American military aid, paid for with money the United States clandestinely made selling arms to Iran - "freedom fighters"

Oscar Romero

Assassinated as archbishop of El Salvador, inspired a civil war between the US-backed government and native priests and leftist rebels

liberation theology movement

emphasized the Church's role in fighting social injustice and oppression, particularly for the poor, through political and civic engagement, and it stressed the need to address sinful socioeconomic structures - used by leftist rebels in El Salvador

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

CAFTA

The Central American Free Trade Agreement (otherwise known as DR-CAFTA) is a pending agreement that has been negotiated between the United States, five Central American countries and possibly the Dominican Republic.

Brazil

emerged as a global power as evidenced by its huge agricultural, timber, and energy deals with China, the US, and Europe - 5th largest country and an emerging world economy

Reggae music

Developed in Jamaica in the 1960's as a way to deal with social and religious issues - gained huge popularity worldwide (Bob Marley)

Kemal Ataturk

leader of the Young Turks that believed that the only way to ensure Turkey's survival was to westernize (secularize, industrialize, modernize)

"bitter fruit"

Arabs of the former Ottoman Empire believed that WWI was this

Balfour declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Sykes-Picot

(1916) was kept a SECRET, it divided most of the Ottoman Empire between Britain and France. Britain was to get Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan and France would get Syria and Lebanon

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Teodor Herzl

Austro-Hungarian Jew who led the Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in the Middle East, where their ancestors lived; after centuries of Anti-Semitism, the Jews needed a safe place where they could control their own land and have reasonable peace and security; led the movement in the late 1890s and was elected president of the Zionist Organization (before WWII)

David Ben Gurion

Israeli statesman (born in Poland) and active Zionist who organized resistance against the British after World War II - first prime minister of Israel

Suez Canal

nationalized by Nasser after he gained power - directly opposed by France, GB, and Israel but the US supported it and the other countries backed off (attempt to restore Egyptian economy and self-autonomy)

Pan-Arabism

A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation - promoted by Nasser

secular modernism

systematically challenges religious institutions, beliefs, and practices, substituting for them those of reason and science - promoted by Nasser

Anwar Sedat

President of Egypt; agreed to Camp David Accord, assassinated in 1981 - agreed to recognize Israel as a country and directly succeeded Nasser

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

The Arab Spring

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011), especially in Egypt - long term success of the movement remains to be seen

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction - promoted Iraqi economic reform and was originally VP

Iran

largest Shi'a population in the world, as such it has traditionally vied for influence in the Islamic world with Sunni powers - first the Ottomans but most recently the Saudis