Monosaccharide

What is Organic Chemistry?

Organic Chemistry is the study of chemical compounds that contain bonds with carbon atoms.

Why is carbon considered the element of life?

Carbon is found in all living things and has unique bonding properties.

List the elements that carbon can bond with to form biological molecules.

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulfur.

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

Carbon has 4 valence electrons.

What types of structures can carbon form?

Chains and ring structures.

What types of covalent bonds can carbon create?

Single, double, and triple covalent bonds.

Define a monomer.

A monomer is a single unit of a polymer that can chemically bond with other molecules.

What is a polymer?

A polymer is a chain of many monomers.

What is polymerization?

The process of joining monomers together to create larger and more complex polymers.

What are macromolecules composed of?

Macromolecules are composed of thousands of covalently bonded monomers.

Name the four main types of macromolecules.

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction where polymers are assembled from joining monomers, with water released as a byproduct.

What is hydrolysis?

The process of breaking down polymers into monomers using water.

What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen do carbohydrates typically have?

1:2:1 (CH2O)n.

What is a monosaccharide?

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar that contains a single monomer.

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

C6H12O6.

Give an example of a monosaccharide and its function.

Glucose: immediate source of energy for cellular respiration.

What are disaccharides?

Disaccharides contain 2 chemically bonded monosaccharides.

What is a glycosidic bond?

The bond between 2 monosaccharides in a disaccharide.

Provide an example of a disaccharide.

Sucrose: glucose and fructose.

What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of 10 or more monosaccharide units.

What is glycogen's function in animals?

Glycogen is used for storage of extra glucose in the liver and muscle cells.

Name a function of lipids.

Lipids serve as long-term energy storage.

What monomers make up lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.

What are steroids?

Steroids are lipids that act as hormones and regulate fluidity in cell membranes.

What role do phospholipids play in cells?

Phospholipids make up the cell membrane and regulate homeostasis.

Describe the structure of proteins.

Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming polypeptides.

How many amino acids are there in nature?

There are twenty amino acids found in nature.

What are the four organizational levels of proteins?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A nucleotide.

What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.

What is the Central Dogma of Biology?

The process by which information in DNA is transferred to RNA to synthesize proteins.