HST 110: Western Civilizations to 1500s - Exam3

Wright State HST 1100 course. Review for third exam

Vikings

• Charlemagne divided empire → lead to invasions from Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings

• Northmen

Manoralism

• Economic system that supported Feudalism

• Plantation type of world

• Nobles pay tribute to crown (land for military power), and commoners pay taxes to nobles for place to live/ land(-ish)

• self sustained economic system

Manor

• Land owned by lord that servants could use to live/ grow crops

Serf/ Peasants

• Super unequal/ lower under everyone else

• Pay crops as tax to nobles and church

• Calendar revolved around Church and agriculture

Feudalism

• Exchange hierarchy

• Nobles pay tribute to crown (land in exchange for military power/ loyalty)

• Commoners pay crop taxes to nobility to use land/ live on

• Political and social system

Vassal

• Lord’s Knights

  • Swore oath of fealty to Lords

    • Protection in exchange for land

• Knight’s breaking oath was considered worst

Vassalage

• What oath was called?

• Swear protection in exchange for land

Fief

• Land knights were given in oath/ deal

• Landed estates

Three field system

• Went from two-field to three-field system

• Instead of ½ being barren it was only one-third at a time

• Type of crop rotation

Medieval Cities

• Built on top of Roman cities

• Mainly from/ for trade

Fairs of Chamgane

• Trade fairs

• Yearly event

• North sold furs, woolen cloths, timber

• South sold silk and spices

Guilds

How people learned/ managed a trade

• Apprentices: intro, to learn a trade

• Journeymen: work in shops

• Masters: Succeed in making “Masterpiece”, open/ own a shop

Clunaic Reform

• Increase church power/ decrease

• Decrease non-religious/ government involvement & power in church

  • Secular Power

• Restore Benedictine Order

  • Focus on Benedict’s guide emphasizing prayer, work, and balance

Pope Gregory VII

• Fights current emperor (Henry IV) over power

  • Secular over religious

  • Church wants independence to choose Bishop, NOT king

  • Gregory ex-communicates Henry → Church wins

  • Known for investiture controversy

lnvestiture Controversy

• Conflict over who could pick/ appoint church officials

  • specifically Bishops

• Pope VS Secular power

  • church not controlled by secular laws

• Concordant of Worms, 1122

  • Compromise/ agreement

  • Church elect bishop, bishop promise loyalty to secular leader, bishops gain land from secular leader

Lay Investure (Not on study guide)

• Prior to controversy 

• Practice where secular rule bestowed symbols of spiritual office to bishops and other officials

• Gregory VII disagreed and fought for the church’s independent power

Excommunication

• Formal “ban” or exclusion from the church and its rites

• Spiritual, social, and economical repercussions

  • Worked because medieval times were very religious

• Example: King Henry VII was excommunicated during power conflict w/ church → church won

Innocent III

• Asserts papal authority

  • Pope has total control over catholic church in matters of faith, morals, and government

• Famous for saying throne/ crown gets authority from the church/ Papal authority

• Led crusade against Albigensian

  • Deemed heretics

Franciscans

• Originally wealthy noble in Italy

• Gives wealth to be wandering mink

• Preaches simplicity/ poverty over wealth

  • Vitality +salvation over material gain

Sacraments

• 7 sacraments, church given grace/ salvation

  • Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony (BPECHMA)

Relics

• Remnants of past saints

• Considered holy

• Go on crusades to collect

First crusade

• 1095

• Led by Pope Herbin II for Jerusalem

• Set up crusader states

• fight against Muslims/ Islamic states

  • considered enemy of the church

Fourth crusade

• Originally intended for Jerusalem, ended up sacking Constantinople

• Weakened Byzantine empire

• Called on by pope Innocent III

William of Normandy

• Claimed he was rightful heir to throne/ Anglo-Saxon kingdom

• Angered current king- Herald

• Both fought → William won

  • Battle of Hastings

  • Anglo-Saxon Herald died → end of Anglo-Saxon line

  • French Noble William takes England throne

Battle of Hastings

• Fight for England throne

• Anglo-Saxon king (Herald) dies

  • End of Anglo-Saxon line

• Beginning of French William reign over England

• Last successful invasion of Britain????

Doomsday Book

• Record of possessions of Anglo-Saxon England

• William ended up dividing territory amongst his loyalist

Henry II

• Famous for marriage

  • married Elanor of a French territory

  • Marriage of Convenience, NOT love

  • Keep control of France and England

• Also, installed tax collection

  • Used checkered cloth as tool

  • Creates department to oversee this

    • “Exchequer”????

St. Thomas Becket

• Old friends with Henry II

• Archbishop

• Says church has own laws

  • Put at odds w/ King (Henry II)/ secular power

  • Church laws VS common laws

• Henry + Thomas get in argument → King’s knights go and slay Thomas

  • Blood on the alter controversy

  • Thomas labeled Martyr → then labeled Saint

• Henry has to publicly apologize and beg church for forgiveness

• Church gets its way in the end

John

• Horrible king

• loses French territory

• Nobility revolts

• King John bent rules

  • Apply to everyone BUT him

Magma Carter

• “Great Charter”

• Agreement between nobles and King

• King must obey law

  • Not exception

• Nobles demand laws

• Inspired America’s constitution

Parliament

• Created by England I

  • Different groups/ kinds of people

    • Knights, barons, city dwellers, commoners

• 2 different groups: House of Lords, House of Commons

• House of Lords: Originally + for a while date back to OG Medieval lords

• House of Commons: Commoner representation

  • Knights included

• Originally advising body → later developed into law making body

Exchequer

• Department created by Henry II

• Royal treasury

• Barons would sit around checkered cloth and count taxes collected by sheriffs

Common Law

• Secular power

• NOT church

• Made in “King’s Court, decisions were legal traditions → creation of common law

• Apply to ALL

Estates General

• Created by Phillip IV

• Advising Body

• 3 groups

  • Church

  • Nobility

  • Everyone Else (Commoners)

• Not equal but advised

• Met when Kings called

Philip IV

• Created structure to interact w/ different groups

  • Estates General

Fredrick II

• Holy Roman Emperor who funded/ created University in Napes

Scholasticism

• Philosophical and theological system of medieval schools

• Scholastic method

  • How universities taught

  • Mix faith + reason

  • Pose a question, present contradictory authorities on that question, arrive at a conclusion

St. Thomas Aquinas

• Used scholastic method

• Wrote Summa Theological questions

  • Book w/ answer to theological questions

Cathedral Schools

• What inspired Universities

• Learn Latin

Medieval Universities

• Emerged from students who wanted to learn more after Cathedral schools

• Guilds of students + professors

• Learned in lectures

• First real University

  • University of Bologna

    • Italy

    • Specialized in law

Trivium

• Grammar, rhetoric logic

• Speech, communications, language

  • Specifically Latin

Quadrivium

• Arithmetic, geometry, astrology, music

Avicenna

• Muslim philosopher

• Translated Greek → Arabic → Latin

Peter Abelard

• Philosopher

• Scandalous affair with women he was tutoring→ Heloise

  • Both fell in love

• Heloise got pregnant (secret marriage)

• Uncle got mad → Casterated Abelard

• Flees to monastery, exchanges love letters between Abelard and Heloise

Sic et Non

• Book wrote by Abelard

• Compared contradictory scripture and stressed importance pf using logic to understand

Romanesque

• Building style

• heavy, massive, dark

• Rounded arches

Gothic

• Architecture

  • developed from Romanesque

• Light, airy, soaring

• Pointed arches