Sociology Alevel AQA

social solidarity

a society where all people have been socialised into its shared norms and values

consensus

a collective agreement of individuals

Conflict

a disagreement between people with different opinions

value consensus

individuals that share the same values

norms

unwritten rules of society

values

qualities or beliefs accepted in society

culture

beliefs and practises of a group

identity

who we are as individuals

deviance

behaviours that violate social rules and norms

anomie

people who feel disconnected from society

social construction

ideas that have been created and accepted by society

macro approach

looks at large scale patterns

micro approach

looks at small scale patterns

socialisation

when individuals learns values ,beliefs ,attitudes of their culture through immediate family.

primary socialisation

when a child learns values , beliefs , attitudes of their culture through immediate family

secondary socialisation

when a child learns values, beliefs, attitudes of their culture through outside of family

social institutions

structure of society that is organised to meet the needs of people

subculture

a group of people within a cultural society that differs themselves

crime

an act that breaks the law

status

a position that a person holds

ascribed status

status of a person given at birth eg: royal family

achieved status

a social position a person has earned/worked for eg: doctor

conflict perspective

behaviour that draws attention to conflict, dominance and oppression in social life.

consensus perspective

societal structure is built upon the foundation of agreed norms and ethical ideas

gender

charateristics attributed to men and women

structural theory (top down)

believe that society shapes us as individuals (puppet)

social action (bottom up)

society is constructed by us as individuals

organic analogy

like the body, an organic system that is self maintained and self supporting

social order

the links between people working together to keep society stable

collective consciousness

sharing ideas about what is considered right and wrong and being aware

roles

behaviour of an individual who has been given a social position or status

Universalistic values

same values within society that we are all judged eg: equality before the law

particularistic values

when status is ascribed and you are judged by different.

structural differentiation

the distinction between social groups and people.

manifest function

the goals of an action or social structure: the reason something is done.

latent functions

unintended consequence or outcome of an activity or social system

Capitalist Society

society where people try to get ownership of production to increase their wealth

bourgeoises

middle class (exploit the working class)

Proletariart

working class (that get exploited by the middle class)

alienated

removed or disassociated from (friends, family, or homeland)

exploited

to take advantage of

private ownership

property/resources that individuals own and control; a core principle of capitalism

Revolution

a shift in power in society

communist society

all property and wealth is communally owned ad not by individuals

division of labour

dividing work into a series of task assigned to different people or groups

Repressive State Apparatus

the ruling class use force to control the working class and protect their power/position in society eg: police/courts/army

Ideological State Apparatus

argues that institutions such as the media propagate values favourable to the interests of a ruling class in capitalist society

means of production

large businesses that produce and distribute goods

ideology

set of opinions or beliefs of a group or individual

false class consciousness

working class do not realise they are being exploited by the ruling class

unit of consumption

the purchase and use of goods and services

infrastructure

the basic framework of a building or a system

superstructure

something built on top of something else

conflict theory

focuses on the competition among group within society over limited resources

surplus profit

the extra produced over and above what is required to survive

relations of production

relationship between those who own the means of production and those who do not.

class consciousness

the awareness of your rank in society

social control

influence of any element in social life working to maintain the pattern of such life

economic detrminism

claims that society so based upon economic system in which the various agents of social control are determined

class polarisation

the division of each social class into the more or less privileged.

globalisation

how the world is more interconnected

functionalist

society have basic needs that institutions must fulfils and have traditional ideas about functions the family provides

murdock (functionalist)

he believes that there are nuclear families who are universal in each society and they have 4 main functions

what ae the 4 functions Murdock believed in?

Sexual

Reproduction

Economic

Education

Sexual function

The function of the family controlling sexual behaviour through monogamy (marrying one person) is to prevent social disruption or unacceptable behaviour

reproduction function

creating a new individual in order to carry on the human species and generation

gender socialisation prepares children to take on the role of reproduction of the generation.

education function

children learn the norms and characteristics of society through primary socialisation (family) and taught by their parents

this allows children to fit into society now especially as they grow and became older.

economic function

a function of the family that pertains to provide the means for children to acquire the skills and other resources they need to be economically productive as adults

monogamy

Marriage to only one person at a time

criticisms of Murdock

feminists argue it's ideological because traditional structure disadvantage women. (due to them being oppressed and being less dominant then men) other institutions can perform these

function fit

the family performing functions that best suits the society it is found in.

Parson's Theory

he believes that the functions the family performs depends on the society they live in and its affects their structure or shape

what families does parson believe in?

extended and nuclear family

extended family

closely related people or several generations in one household

nuclear family

mother, father and children living as a unit.

parsons belief on nuclear family

that they are geographically and socially mobile

geographically mobile

Capable of moving from one location to another

socially mobile

Social mobility refers to the idea of people moving "up" or "down" a social hierarchy. In the context of education it would normally refer to people from lower social and economic backgrounds achieving higher status occupations thanks to good education and qualifications.

how are nuclear family socially and geographically mobile?

due to the family fitting into modern society and can move from place to place (as they are a small family easier to move) and they can change jobs as their job isn't ascribed (like a family farm) therefore its more easier for the nuclear family to fit into modern society

why is the extended family not socially and geographically mobile?

due to not fitting into modern society as their job is ascribed as they have a family farm and everyone participated therefore they wouldn't move elsewhere and they are not geographically moved as they cannot move from place to place due to how large the family is not only that but in modern society jobs are mainly in cities due to an increase in industrial society making it difficult for extended family to get a job as they live on family making jobs (farm)

how is the extended family fit in to a pre industrial society?

as it mainly relied on farms and fewer business and industrial jobs and mainly ascribed jobs because it was

who does parsons disagree with Murdock's function function theory

as even though there are functions most of them have been lost except for primary socialization and stability of adult personalities

structural differentiation

Structural differentiation is a theory devised by Parsons. Parsons argues that the family has lost some of its functions due to the creation of specialised institutions being created.This leads to a more complex division of labor in society, where institutions like schools and hospitals take over roles previously performed by the family.

Structural Theory

social structures affect group influence social behaviour

what does structural theory believe in?

they look at society as a whole and how society is controlled by institutions. They also collect quantitative research to explain trends and show data

who supports structural theory?

feminism and Marxism

action theory

sociological perspectives focusing on individuals and how their interactions create and re-create a sense of society

Marxism focuses on ....

inequality of classes

feminism

look at sexists views in society (inequality of gender)

fucntionalism

focuses on positive sides (consensus theory -agreement)

What is Marxism?

they believe that capitalist society causes inequality such as wealth and status

what is functionalism

they believe that there is a social structure made up of institutions which shape individual behaviour in society

What is feminism?

feminists believe that social inequality and injustice occurs due to gender

what is functionalism and what views does it look at ?

they are a structural modernist approach to attempt to complete society an they try to attempt to answer questions by looking at a society as a whole and then individuals

who are functionalists

they are structural modernist approach theorists

who is the founder of functionalism?

Émile Durkheim

what theory do the functionalists believe in ?

consensus theory

does consensus theory come from structural or social approach?

structural approach- views large scale institutions and how society structure shapes individuals

What do Marxists believe?

Views inequality of class Societal conflict based on two classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat Believed society changed from feudal to capitalist Economy shapes everything including ideas, relationships, beliefs, systems, and culture.

What did Marx believe?

Marx believed that capitalism needs to reform (change)He wanted to abolish private property and was involved in a community party to abolish it.

He also wanted to abolish private property in order to remove classes

He also wrote communist of Manifesto which is a very famous book

He was highly critical of capitalism and believed that the ruling class would get more rich and powerful while the working class would become more poor

He also argued that the working class would be aware of their exploitation position and overthrow capitalism and the system through a revolution which would change society radically to a socialist/communist society