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Theories of Motivation: Biological
Instinct
Drive reduction
Optimal arousal
Instinct Theory
motivation results from innate, biological instincts, which are unlearned responses found in almost all members of a species
drive reduction theory
motivation begins with a biological need (a lack or deficiency) that elicits a drive toward behavior that will satisfy the original need and restore homeostasis
optimal arousal theory
organism are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal
which maximizes their performance
Theories of Motivation: Psychological
incentive
cognitive
incentive theory
motivation results from external stimuli that “pull” the organism in certain directions
cognitive theory
motivation is affected by expectations and attributions, or how we interpret of think about our own or other’s actions
Theories of Motivation: Biopsychosocial
Maslow’s hierarchy of of needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of of needs Theory
lower needs like hunger and safety must be satisfied before advancing to higher needs (such as belonging and self-actualization)
Obesity
an eating problem involving a body mass index of 30 or above, based on height and weight
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an obsessive fear of obesity, a need for control, self-imposed starvation, and a severe loss of weight
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, and/or excessive exercise (purging)
binge-eating disorder
recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food (bingeing), but not followed by purge behaviors
nAch
need for achievement
intrinsic motivation
a type of motivation for a task or activity based on internal activities, such as enjoyment and personal satisfaction
extrinsic motivation
a type of motivation for a task or activity based on external incentives, such as rewards and punishment
3 basic components of Emotion
biological
cognitive
behavioral
3 major theories of Emotion
James Lange Theory
Cannon-Band
Two Factor
James Lange theory
a theory of emotion suggesting that the subjective experience of emotion results from bodily arousal, rather than being its cause (“I feel sad because I’m crying.”); bodily arousal is the basis for feeling emotions
Cannon-Bard theory
a theory proposing that emotions and bodily changes occur simultaneously (I’m crying and feeling sad at the same time.”); bodily arousal plus brain processing occurring simultaneously is the basis for feeling emotions
two-factor theory
Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion depends upon two factors- bodily arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal; bodily arousal leads to labels which are the basis for feeling emotions
achievement motivation
the desire to excel, especially in competition with others
adaption-level phenomenom
a tendency to judge a new situation or stimuli relative to a neutral, “normal” level based on our previous experiences; we then adapt to this new level and it becomes the new “normal”
amygdala
a part of the limbic system linked to the production and regulation of emotions- especially aggression and fear
display rules
a set of informal cultural norms that control when, where, and how emotions should be expressed
emotion
a complex pattern of feelings that includes arousal (heart pounding) cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and gestures)
homeostasis
our body’s tendency to maintain equilibrium, or a steady state of internal balance
instinct
the fixed, unlearned response patterns found in almost all members of a species
motivation
a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
polygraph
an instrument that measures sympathetic arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity) to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying v. truthfulness
self- actualization
the humanistic tern for the inborn drive to realize our full potential and to develop all our talents and capabilites
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the law stating that maximum performance is related to levels of arousal; complex tasks require a relatively low level of arousal, whereas simple tasks require a relatively high arousal level
flow
the mental state of operation in which a person is an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity
