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Confucius
China's famous philosopher born in 551 BCE.
Confucianism
Philosophy emphasizing inner humanity and virtue.
Filial Piety
Respect for parents; cornerstone of Confucianism.
Li
Propriety and rituals in Confucian practice.
Ren
Inward expression of love and morals.
Five Relationships
Key social dynamics in Confucianism;
Father-Son, Husband-Wife, Older Sibling-Younger Sibling, Friend-Friend, Ruler-Subject
Daoism
Philosophy promoting harmony and simplicity.
Dao
"The way" to enlightenment in Daoism.
Laozi
Founder of Daoism, author of Dao de Jing.
Dao de Jing
the writings of Laozi's beliefs (became Daoism); Classic of the Way of Power
Qi
Energy believed to be the cosmos' origin.
Yin and Yang
Dual forces that represent balance in nature.
Yin = dark, cold water, earth
Yang = light, hot, fire, the heavens
Legalism
Philosophy advocating strict laws for order from a strong ruler
Yuan Dynasty
foreign rule of Mongols in China from 1271-1368.
Ming Dynasty
Dynasty established after Yuan's fall in 1368.
Hongwu
born Zhu Yuanzhang, became Hongwu;
First Ming emperor, known for tyranny.
Yongle
born Zhu Di, the son of Hongwu; Second Ming emperor, known for ruthlessness.
Forbidden City
Imperial Palace, center of imperial power & govt. for 500 years.
Omnipotence
the Emperor's unlimited power, symbolized by dragons.
Zheng He
Chinese-Muslim explorer who commanded seven voyages for trade (Asia-Africa)
Tribute System
Requirement for high value gifts and imperial submission to engage in foreign trade with China.
Mandate of Heaven
Divine right of emperors to rule.
Silk Roads
Trade routes linking Europe and Asia; the exchange of arts, religion, science/tech, and cultures
Civil Service Exam
strict test for educated officials based on Confucianism
Scholar-bureaucrats
Educated officials in the Ming government.
Imperial Palace
Residence of the emperor in Beijing.
Hongwu's Reforms
restored Confucian values, rebuilt China's agricultural system, supported growth of manufacturing, efficient and strict governance.
