Ch 14 PHYL 141 Exam 6

abducens nerve

sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles

amygdala

nucleus deep in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that is related to memory and emotional behavior

anterograde amnesia

type of memory loss that occurs when a person can't form new memories

aphasia

loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage

arachnoid granulation

outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of CSF into the blood

arachnoid mater

middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web-like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater

arachnoid trabeculae

filaments between the arachnoid and pia mater within the subarachnoid space

arbor vitae

the cerebellar white matter so called for its branched tree-like appearance

astrocytes

glial cells that envelop the capillaries in the brain

basal nuclei

nuclei of the cerebrum (with a few components in the upper brain stem and diencephalon) responsible for assessing cortical movement commands and comparing them with the general state of the individual through broad modulatory activity of dopamine neurons; largely related to motor functions

basilar artery

blood vessel from the merged vertebral arteries that runs along the dorsal surface of the brain stem

blood-brain barrier

physical barrier between the neurons and circulating blood

brain stem

region of the adult brain that includes the midbrain pons and medulla oblongata and develops from the mesencephalon metencephalon and myelencephalon

Broca's area

region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production located in the language-dominant cerebral hemisphere

caudate

nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen it is part of the striatum

central canal

hollow space within the spinal cord that is the remnant of the center of the neural tube

cerebellar cortex

receives information from most parts of the body

cerebellar hemispheres

two divisions of the cerebellum on either side of the vermis

cerebellum

region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon and compares information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery

cerebral aqueduct

connection of the ventricular system between the third and fourth ventricles located in the midbrain

cerebral cortex

outer gray matter covering the forebrain marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci

cerebral hemisphere

one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum

cerebral peduncles

white matter corticospinal tracts that connect the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid

clear liquid produced within spaces in the brain called ventricles

cerebrum

region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon and is responsible for higher neurological functions such as memory emotion and consciousness

choroid plexus

specialized structures containing ependymal cells lining blood capillaries that filter blood to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain

circle of Willis

unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels around the base of the brain that maintains perfusion even if one component is blocked or narrowed

corpora quadrigemina

superior and inferior colliculi that are parts of the visual and auditory pathways respectively

corpus callosum

large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

corpus striatum

major input site of the basal ganglia (basal nuclei)

cranial nerve

one of twelve nerves connected to the brain responsible for sensory or motor functions of the head and neck

decussation

when fibers cross from one side of a structure to the other

diencephalon

region of the adult brain that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

dopamine

a type of monoamine neurotransmitter

dura mater

tough fibrous outer layer of the meninges attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column surrounding the entire CNS

dural venous sinus

group of sinuses or blood channels that drains venous blood from the cranial cavity

ectoderm

outermost embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous tissue

endoderm

innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive and lower respiratory systems derive

epidural space

area between the dura mater and the vertebral wall containing fat and small blood vessels

epithalamus

region of the diencephalon containing the pineal gland

facial nerve

seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles part of the sense of taste and saliva production

flocculonodular lobe

area of the cerebellum that receives vestibular and visual information

folia

gyrus of the cerebellar cortex

foramen magnum

large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium

forebrain

anterior region of the adult brain that develops from the prosencephalon and includes the cerebrum and diencephalon

fourth ventricle

portion of the ventricular system in the brain stem that opens into the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures

frontal lobe

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium

globus pallidus

nuclei deep in the cerebrum that are part of the basal nuclei and divided into internal and external segments

glossopharyngeal nerve

ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat part of the sense of taste and saliva production

gray matter

regions of the nervous system containing neuron cell bodies with few or no myelinated axons

gyrus

ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum

hindbrain

posterior region of the adult brain that develops from the rhombencephalon and includes the pons medulla oblongata and cerebellum

hydrocephalus

blockage in the CSF circulation

hippocampus

gray matter deep in the temporal lobe that is very important for long-term memory formation

hypoglossal nerve

twelfth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles of the tongue

hypothalamus

major region of the diencephalon responsible for coordinating autonomic and endocrine control of homeostasis

infundibulum

hollow stalk connecting the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

internal capsule

two-way tract for the transmission of information to and from the cerebral cortex

internal carotid artery

branch from the common carotid artery that enters the cranium and supplies blood to the brain

insula

brain region that processes taste smell sound visceral and body surface sensations and emotions such as empathy

jugular veins

blood vessels that return used blood from the head and neck

lateral apertures

pair of openings from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space on either side between the medulla and cerebellum

lateral sulcus

surface landmark separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

lateral ventricles

portions of the ventricular system located in the cerebrum

limbic system

structures associated with emotional behavior and memory formation

longitudinal fissure

large separation along the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres

lumbar puncture

procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region while avoiding damage to the spinal cord

medulla oblongata

lowest portion of the brainstem

melatonin

amino acid-derived hormone secreted in response to low light that causes drowsiness

meninges

protective connective tissue coverings of the CNS

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

meningeal layer

dense fibrous membrane that passes through the foramen magnum and continues with the spinal dura mater

mesencephalon

primary embryonic brain vesicle that develops into the midbrain

mesoderm

middle embryonic germ layer formed during gastrulation

metencephalon

secondary embryonic brain vesicle that develops into the pons and cerebellum

midbrain

middle region of the adult brain that develops from the mesencephalon

myelencephalon

secondary embryonic brain vesicle that develops into the medulla

nerve

cord-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and motor output

neural crest

tissue that detaches from the neural groove and migrates to form peripheral nervous and non-nervous structures

neural fold

elevated edge of the neural groove

neural groove

region of the neural plate that folds into the embryo and closes to become the neural tube

neural plate

thickened layer of neuroepithelium along the dorsal surface of the embryo that gives rise to nervous system tissue

neural tube

precursor to structures of the central nervous system formed by invagination and separation of neuroepithelium

nuclei

clusters of neurons in the central nervous system located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

occipital lobe

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium

occipital sinuses

dural sinuses along the edge of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum

oculomotor nerve

third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four extraocular muscles the upper eyelid muscle and pupillary constriction

olfactory nerve

first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell

optic nerve

second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation

parietal lobe

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the parietal bone of the cranium

periosteal layer

layer of periosteum covering the inner surface of the skull

peripheral nervous system

parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

pia mater

thin innermost meningeal membrane directly covering the surface of the CNS

pineal gland

endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and regulates the sleep-wake cycle

pyramids

triangular fiber bundles in the medulla containing motor fibers of the corticospinal tract

pituitary gland

bean-sized organ suspended from the hypothalamus that produces stores and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulation

plexus

network of nerves or nervous tissue

pons

part of the brainstem that links the brain to the spinal cord

primary vesicle

initial enlargements of the anterior neural tube that develop into the forebrain midbrain and hindbrain

proprioception

general sensory perception providing information about body position and movement