USH 3

differences between the democratic republicans and the federalists

Differences between federalists and demo republicans

• Federalists: Loose construction of the constitution

• Demo rep: stricter interpretation of the constitution

  • Write down other differences

• Federalists: dressed like elitists (like people in GB)

• Demo rep: more dressed like common folk

  • Represents their relation to the people (fed think they better, demo rep more relatable)

what does jefferson do at the beginning of his presidency?

• Urged political enemies to unite as Americans

  • In inaugural address he says we are all republican and federalists, but we are all americans let's all unite

    • Some actions don’t transmit this but its okay

• Wants US to remain a nation of small independent farmers

  • So valued agrarian society stays

• Avoid having too much gov

  • Avoid too much national government -> states more power

• Be more democratic

  • In relation to the federalists (fed don’t want all to be a part of democracy -> eliteists)

• Reduces amount of federal employees and size of military

• Sought to end alien and sedition act

  • Released prisoners convicted under those acts

• Ends whiskey tax

• Used money from tarrifs and land sales to lower debt

TJ aura

Did not wear fancy clothes, no pomp and circumstance, walked to his inagural address (no horse and carriage)

effects of TJ’s inclusivity

• He allowed white men who don’t own land in the north to vote (expands nunber of people that can vote)

  • Federalists dont love this bc they prize the elites in the government rather than the chaos of mass democracy

  • Men of humble origins can be elected to state legislature

John adam’s reaction of TJ’s actions

Adams is upset with TJ's changes

• doesnt like how Common people have representation

  • Upset with the inclusion aspect of democracy

Marbury v madison- what is it/effects

What happened?

Through judiciary act of 1801, midnight jusges were created by john adams and filled by federalist judges (demo-rep mad bc federalists given too much power)

One of the judges appointed, marbury, did not receive his commission and he sued madison (the person who should have given him his commission)

• Court  (led by chief justice John Marshall) said, yes he should have got his commission, but the supreme court could do nothing about it because the supreme court did not have the right to original juristiction

effects?

Judicial review: most importation power to the surpeem court

• The power of the courts to rule that a law is unconstitutional or not

  • The fact that this occurred so early in supreme court hitory sets up success as a power in the federal government

  • This made it a coequal ruling in the federal government

why did the Louisiana purchase occur

• Americans hear that spain is going to give the Louisiana territory back to the france

• They are worried about the port of new orleans

deals and offers of the louisiana purchase

Send american ambassador to port

• Napolean (leader of france) offers to sell the Louisiana territory to the US (dealing with haitian revolution and he needs men, money, and people to fight this so he needs the money)

  • Before he offers to sell it to them, americans offer to buy if first

    • Napolean offers do you want to buy all of louisianna territory

    • TJ demo rep -> strict interpretation of the constitution

      • Constitution does not say that president can buy land

        • BUT, he wants agrgarian society and for that we need land so he decides to buy it to sell to the people

          • Now we have unimpared access to the mississippi river

exploring the lousisana terrifoty

• Louis and clark explore louisianna territory and they come back with journals of their expiriences (animals, plants, natives)

  • Encounters with natives (one that haave never interacted with americans)

  • TJ says natives not able to take care of themseves

    • We need to make military gov in that area until enough americans settle in that area

      • They do…

end of slave trade

NOT THE END OF SLAVERY

End of the slave trade (end of importation of slaves, slaves still exist in america and is legal)

• Makes enslaved americans more valuable and slave auctions increase in number bc of this

Barbary Pirates

International

Shoes how TJ acts as a diplomatic decision-maker

Barbary pirates

• Pirates that work near libya and kidnap american ships and americans and force US to pay for blackmail

• TJ puts a stop to this by not paying and send warships to make a blockade so people cant leave

  • Barbary pirates declare war over US (stalemate for 3 years)

    • US ends up paying for the release of sailors but only pay 60K instead of initial demand of 100K

main issue of with GB and France

GB would not allow US merchant ships to trade with france

• Through Impressment: GB warships stop US merhcant ships and board them, kidnaping US sailors who GB says are their citizens, not US citizens

  • Why? There is an influx of GB sailors deserting the ships (money to be made on US merchant ships so GB sailors who want to make money, kidnap them)

    • But Ships that GB navy stopping had no post GB navy experience

      • So whye evn do it? -> to make US upset

Chesapeake incident

• GB ship stops Chesapeake

  • Chesapeake captain says NO

    • GB captain fires cannons  at Chesapeake and kills 3 people on US Chesapeake ship

      • This is considered an act of war!

embargo act and effects

• TJ doesn’t wanna go to war with Gb so instead he decides to stop all american exports by prohibing the US ships sailing to foreign ports

• He wants Gb to see how US no trade with them and stop impressing US ships to establish trade again

effects of the embargo act

• Exports decline and federal revenue from tarrif taxes plummets extensivly and US economy declines

• Unemployment rose

• Revives federalists party!

  • Whhy? TJ is a demo republicans and people say we need a better government

    • Federalists DO NOT WIN in the next election

• ultimately he repeals the embargo act

election of 1808 and what he passes

James madison becomes president

• Federalists don’t win

  • Why? They nombinate 2 people and split their votes

 

James madison

• Passes the nonintercorse act of 1809

  • Reopens all trade with all countries execpt for france and england and their colonies

    • Says that president can reopen trade if GB and France stop the impressment

      • leads of war of 1812

backround info for war of 1812

why does it happen?- impressment of american soldiers

effects of the war?- it proved that americans could defeat anyone they come across AND the national anthem

it took 3 years

federalists and new england opposied the war (depended on trade with england for their economy)

2 days b4 the war, GB ends impressment

american army is small and poorly trained, GB army is determined and prepared

early war of 1812

US targets canada

detriot falls without a single shot fired

armstrong doesnt belive GB will attack washignton but instead baltimore

USS consitution

a ship

nickname: old iron sides

Battle of Bladensburg

6 miles outside washington (maryland)

embarrasing loss for americans

Dolly Madison (first lady) stays in washington to get painting of geroge washington until last minute

GB army burn down white house

• a hurricane and tornado rages through washington after its invasion forcing GB to evacuate the city

Fort Mchenry (battle of baltimore)

gaurds entrance to Baltimore

• the people of baltimore sink their ships in the harbor to stop GB ships from getting in

• american lawyer Francis Scott Key is detained on board a british ship in Baltimore harbor

• bombardment lasts 25 hours

British Major General Ross

gets shot by american sniper

GB soldiers pissed bc they cared about him

Ghent, belgium

after battle fo baltimore, GB and American representitives meet to discuss peace

a few days before the battle of new orleans, they make and sign a peace treaty but dont let the soldiers know in time

Hartford

federalists meet to talk about succession (they dont like the war!)

after the war, they are labeled traitors

battle of New orleans

Andrew Jackson (Old hickory) (wife rachel) creates a 3-4K army to defend the city and he is passionate

GB forgets to bring laddars to cross the canal, throwing them off

US win

treaty of ghent

ends the war

impressent is no adressed

market economy and effects

large scale manufacturing and commercial agriculture the produces boom and bust cycles while raising the standards of living

• Fastest growing economy why?

  • Improvement in communication and transportion

    • Creates an innerconnected marketplace

      • (before, americans operated withing their households to produce food and clothign and livestock and bartered with nearby families)

        • Now- people are producing a surplus of food and items to be sold internationally

    • Canals, bridges, new roads, railroads

      • New idea- who is reponivble for crating and maintaining these new forms of transportaion

US power expands/immigration

Between 1815 and 1850 the power of the US expands all the way to the paciic coat

• How? People are moving westaward and immigration increases bc of cheap land and the concpet of religious and personal freedom

  • When immigration increases, prejudice increases

    • Anti-catholiciam, language barriers

pony express/telegraph

400 fast roses were established in stations from mississippi to california to send mail in 8 days

• Only lasted 8 months

  • Why? Telegraph (created by samual morse)is a system fo electionic communication that could transfer messages instantly across great distances

  • Samuel morse May 1844 sends first telegraph  from DC to baltimore

    • Helps railroad operations to schedules trains better and avoid collisions

industrial revolution

• Shift from handmade manufactuing to mass production

  • Done in mills and factories powered by coal, water, and steam powered machinery

• Mass production: when companies use tech to produce greater quanities of products

  • Can be sold at lower prices and make higher profit

 

cotton gin

made by eli whitney made production 50x more productive

• Transforms couthern agiculture and beneifts northern industrry indirectly (cotton supports whats being made in the north)

  • Cotton became very profitable and affordable for all so demand for enslaves peole increases

lowell system

larger vision that improved insustrial efficiency

• Vision for creating a town for only producing goods

  • Women were the first factory wokers and the lowell idea gets really young women and ensure that they stay by proving meals, a home, moral discipline, money, and educational oppurtunities

    • They can work hard for little money and do monotonous work

      • This model works at first but the city created becomes a grimey dirty city because of greed and overproduction nd this greed decreases prices which decreases the economici opportunity (owners slahsed wages)

        • Women went on strike because they had terrible working and living condiitons and the wome were labels ungreatfu and unfeminine

        • Instead of women, immigrants wer also hired (bc women went on strike and women were "complaining too much")

          • Decreases economic oppurtunity women had at that time

immigration and the american dream

promise of a new better life in america

Little immigration from revolution to 1830s

In late 1830s immigration increases bc fo worldwide economic slump

• Foreign workers recruited to work bc they are willing to work for lower wages

  • Large influx of irish people and they suffer (catholic and steriotypes)

    • Irish epople and free blacks and german immigrants start to be pitted against eachother

nativists

native born american who saw immigrants as a threat to their job oppurtunities and ways of life

• Organized efforts to sto immigrants to come to america

• Political party formed (know-nothings: nativiests, anti-catholics, third party organization that emerges in reaction to te influc of irish and german immigrants)

  • Aka american party who pledges to never vote for a foregn born candidate

  • Know nothings: when group grated the people, when asked about the group, were spposed to say they "know-nothing"

in short (judicial review, louisiana purchase, embargo act, non intercourse act, war of 1812)

Judicial review-

• Cause: marbury v madison

• Effect: supreme court power increase

Louisiana Purchase

• Cause: Napolean need $$$ for war for nap wars and haiti revolution

• Effect: more land for US

  • TJ condlict accepting buying land from france

Embargo Act

• Cause: stops exports to foreign natona

• Effect: economy plummets

Non Intercourse Act

• By madison

• Reopens trade between all countries ecept GB and France unless they stop violent acts

 

War of 1812

• Cause: impressment of american soldiers

nationalism

Nationalism: being a supporter of the old, united nation

sectionalism

Sectionalism: supporting rights for a particular region

differences between regions (how they make money)

Northeast: shipping and manufacturing

South: agriculture with slaves

West: low land, transportation improvements

james madison: overview

James madison

• Was a Democratic republican

  • Stict interpretation of devolvement

  • States should govern themselves

james madison: nationalist approach

• Larger army, navy, wants to have a BUS, and issue protective tarrifs

  • Federalists still exist but madison is not formally switching parties,

  •  he is just taking more federalist actions

    • BUS: stabalizes currency and unites nation (east supports it and west don’t like it)

    • Tarrifs: 20-25% tax on imported goods

    • Internal improvenent: roads, bridges, canals, harbors

North/east/south reactions to tarrifs and internaitonal improvements

tarrifs

• Goal: prevent GB flood american market with cheaper goods thus harming the manufacturing buisnesses in the noertheast

  • Why south oppose?- south depend and buy imported goods and they don’t like the higer prices

international improvements

• Intended for the flow of goods across the states

  • Western people like this bc it expands the west

  • South like it bc they can trade with eachother

  • Northeat don’t like bc they don’t beneift from it

    • Question of should this be left to the states or the national government

major supreme court cases and effects

Marbury vs madison

• Judiciary revieew

Dartmouth vc woodward

• Consitution has power over state powers

Mcculloch vs maryland

• Congress has implied powers within the constitution even when the consisution doesn’t outright say it

Gibbons vs ogden

• Affirms federal governments power over commerce between states (and sometimes even within the state commerce if its connected to the outside of state transactions)

american system

• Economic system championed by henry clay

  • To create one single curreny and regulate banks

  • Henry clay: great dealmaker of his day

• Called for federal tarrifs on imports, stong BUS, and internal improvements

  • To strngethen federal economy and end economic dependence on GB

  • Unite east west and south

    • Tarrifs protected eastern buisnesses

    • Fed gov used the tarrifs to fund internal imporvments

      • Helps west to get better travel and shipments

      • BUT growing national conflict: slavery (should coutherns, when they move, take their slavery midnset with them?)

        • Divided americans

era of good feelings

madison no longer pres, james monroe (repiclican), country at peace (end fo war of 1812) and economy flourishing

• Monroe goes on a tour of new england (mostly federalists) to give good will to unite the country

• Monroe's expirience

  • Rep in virginis state assembly and gov

  • Representative in house of reps, sente member, embassador of foreign lands

    • V qualified

era of bad feelings

• Then, in panic of 1819 (financial panic lead to 3 year financial crisis) less demand fo cotton in europe, and declining land value and reckless financial practices by local and state bank

  • GB stop buyign expensive american cotton and moved to cheap egyptian cotton

    • Devasted couthern planters and reduced global demand for all american goods

  • Renews sectionalist tension

    • BUS did not help, they were giving loans to people who couldn’t pay it back

the missouri problem

• Slavery

  • There are an even amount of free and slave states, we add one more, what do we do

  • A maj of missouri redisents want slaves, but it would upset the balance

    • What happened? Proposal (tallmadge amendment) happens to ban any more slaves to move to missouri

      • Southerns mad

  • BUT, maine is also applying to be state

Maine becomes free, missouri becomes a slave state

missouri compromise

• Congres makes slavery legal in missouri but prohibits slavery west of mississippi river and north of parallel 36 36

• Extends southern boundry of missouri

  • Shows deepending rifts in american regions in terms of the morality of slavery

• still need

nationalism

advanceent of the nations interests (rise of jacksonian democracy)

first seminal war

Florida: spanish controlled (but not rlly there)

• US army clashes with runaway US slaves in a GB fort in west florida

• Native flordia fought white settlers in the area

  • Americans bruned seminal villiage and killed natives

    • John calhone (sec of war) orders army to lead army into florida

      • First seminal war

        • Gen jackson, (told not to) crossed into spain and ordered execution of GB troublemakers and destroyed seminal villiages

          • Remained hero of america but calhone said that was bad and gen jackson was friends with sec of state john quincy adams (jackson's actions tipped adam's negociations in adam's favor)

          • Exicted americans expansionists

transcontinental treaty

• by adams onis

• Between spain and US

• Gave florida to US for 5 million dollars

• America is now a transcontinental power

monroe doctrine

• Said no to further colonization in the western heisphere by european powers

  • To prevent future european colonists in the western hemisphere

    • european power no colonize maerican continents, US not allow european nation imposeing political system, US keep out of european internal affair

  • Since doctine, no latin american sountry has lost their independene to european powers

    • why created? Rumor- monarchs of europe want spain to reclaim their lost territory (why monrose doctrine was created)

isloationist policy

Priortitize us as a nation rather then advancing relations with europe

Maintained for a long time

corrupt bargin

• Henry clay secured john quincy adams victory over the presidencial election by securing henry clay as sec of state

john Quincey adams

• New president

• Wants to expand nat gov power

• Splits demo rep into 2 sides

  • Want economic nationalism- nationalist republicans

  • Support states rights- democrats

election of 1828

• Between john quincy adams (national republican) and andrew jackson (democrat)

• Bitter reelection campaign bc john quicy didn’t serve his second term and andrew jackson wins

  • Andrew jackson frst president of the "common people" what TJ was trying to be

    • Jackson's supporters said john is a monarhcist  who never had a real job

      • Support in west and southern states (was a soithern elite planter and plantation owner)

      • Jackson became the symbol of the common man in politics bc he worked his way up (vote of common man allows him to win)

jackson’s goals as pres

• Launch new demo era

• Restore gov to the people

• Take pwr away from eastern elite

how jackson’s life expiriences relate to his policies

• Father dies before he is born

• At 14 yrs old is captured by GB troops bc he was in american revolutioary army

  • Not treated well

    • Lead to him being courageous leader (war of 1812, indian wars)

• He is tenn house rep

• He is senator for tenn

• First prez from western state (1824)

  • He wants to expand vote, and he does but only to white men

  • Receives most electoral college votes

jacksonian democracy

• Get rid of elites stonghold on politics (man of the people)

  • Wants more votes to people (white men)

    • Expands suffrage: Now all white men can vote, not all land owning white men

• Asks common people for vote

  • He is out campaigning  (was looked down on)

    • Wife dies before inaguration (makes him mad bc he thinks its bc of the stress of the campaining and the hate of their marriage)

• Expands executive power

• Condemns elitiest attitutde

jackson’s goals

• No more BUS (he thinkd it appeals to elites)

• More presidential authority to include more of his supporters

• Remove natives and give their land to white families

jackson ends BUS

• Money held in second bank of US

  • Proceeds from land sells in the west

  • Tarrifs

  • Printed paper money to stablize economy its value (forced states to keep enough gold to back their currency)

    • Made second BUS biggest national corp

• Southerners and westerners hated the bank

  • Think its too powerful over economy

    • Jackson (doesn’t like paper money) wants to capitalize on this opinion and vetos the tird renewal of the BUS

jackson and his vetos

he keeps vetoing everything and congress is getting mad

daniel websters thought on jackson ending BUS

daniel webster did like BUS (though jackson was using bank issue to get poor against the rich to stir up trouble and characterize the bank to be something against the poor people and gain more support for jackson himself)

tariff of abominations

• During quincy adams prez

• Tax  on imported goods of cloth

  • To help new england textile companies

  • Hurt cotton industry in southern US(GB look for other places for cotton)

    • South alr hurting from panic of 1819

    • No money coming in, agrarian economy is hurting

    • People in south were VERY UPSET BY THIS TARRIF

calhoun and thought on nullification and what he does

• Anonymously writes an essay supporting nullfiication

  • Nullification: states have a right to veto a law that the state deemed unconstitutional bc the constitution is made by the states and therefore they can deem what is constituional

    • Does not go over well with webster

      • Says that states do not have the power to nullify federal laws

      • US consitution was not made byy sates it was made by people

        • Therefore states cannot nullify

          • Andrew jackson synpathetic to calhoun (VP) economic hurt from south (calhoun is a southerner) but does not think that states have nullification power

indian removal act of 1830

• Jacokson viewed natives as barbarians with no rights

  • White maericans and natives cannot live togetehr in harmony

    • He wanted a policy that remmoved remiaingin eastern natives to west of the mississippi (mostly in oklahoma)

      • Congress passes indian removal act of 1830

        • Indians did resists none successful

          • black hawk war-> led 1000 of his tribe back to their homeland after their relationation -> violence from US army leads to black hawk being forced to go back to new land

          • Seminal war-> reists removal act for 8 years in florida but eventually are not able to defeat the US and forced to relocate

jackson political enemies

• Native, BUS, and nullfication crisis gave jackson some political enemies

  • People thinking, should we impeach him

  • He never was

  • He had an assasination attempt

anti masonic party

• Single issue party: against free masons (fraternal organization)

  • Think the masons are a secret society that is made up of elites that only want fellow elites to be in power

    • If not in this secret society of the free masons, the masons will try and get you out of power

  • One of the first 3rd parties

election of 1832

• Both democrats and national republicans meet individually to nominate their respective candidates

  • Democrats: andrew jackson as prez and van buren as VP (win election by a decent amoutn)

  • National republicans: henry clay

abolitionism movement

• These people who were anti slavery started sending anti-slavery pamphets in the mail to southerners

  • Jackson tries to censor the mail saying is these abolitionist pamphets come in the mail, burn them, don’t send them out

    • Congress says no, its unconsitutional

    • There were still attacks on the mail

      • hightens the division of th topic of slavery in the democratic party

land speculation

jackson ends BUS, land sells go up

land speculation: as more land is bought because more state banks are being creates (more ppl moving out west, more loans being sent out, more debt state banks go into) causing inflation and the prices of land to increase

specie

• Jackson tries to fix land speculation by requiring specie ( fed gov only accept gold or silver coins for the purchase of federal land

  • He thinks it will stop state bank debt

  • It just cause land sells to greatly reduce, people don’t have gold/silver coins

  • Paper money destablizes

    • Eastern bans having to transfer gold/silver to western banks

      • Caused recession

panic of 1937

• Result of land speculation, specie, and the destablization of paper currency

• Leads to recession

jackson political oppressions (whigs)

Whigs formed because of their mutual opposition towards jacksons policies and leadership roles (jackson views presidency to be v poweerful)

• Whig party starts uner leadership of henry clay in direct opposition to jackson

  • Supported supremacy of congress over presidency (prez should have less power or more checks on this power)

  • Supported internal improvments - roads bridges

  • Supported BUS

  • Supported american system (by henry clay)

  • Though jackson was like a king

• Whig: echos american whigs in the past -> those who opposed tyranny

election of 1836

end of jacksons second term (decides not to run for reelection)

• feels as though he has done his work and the VP can suceed the party (van buren)

Whigs run 3 regional candidates (harrison, white, webster)

• They were going to split electoral collge vote so no one person got clear majority (if no clear maj, house of rep makes selection for prez)

  • Doesn’t work, jacksonians vote for van buren and he gets majority in the electoral college (58%)

Van Buren

• english is his second lang

  • born into dutch family

  • gets a bad economy to start with

    • gets blamed for it

  • only serves one term

  • belives in massei fair economy

panic of 1837

• 5 yr long economic depression

• Why?

  • GB demand for cotton goes down bc Gb economically struggling and they start buying less american goods

    • Ameircan good prices plummet, negativly effecting southern states

  • Acts of jackson with bank war nagativly effect the economy (land sells decrease, nat gov doesn’t get money from that  get rid of BUS also impacts economy  etc)

    • Jackson is nto in power so he does not get blammed

election of 1840

• Democratic nominate van buren, whigs nominate william harrison and john tyler for VP

• People go on campaigns

• Harrison (whig) (is war hero from tippecanoe) slogans in tippecanoe and tyler too

  • Demo called him an impoverished farmer

    • Most people r poor at this time tho

    • Whigs say yeah he is like everyone else, he is poor, they make image of log cabin and cider as an appeal to the every man

      • Ironic bc harrison is rich and lives in a mansion

• Stil in panic

• Whigs don’t say houw they gunna make change but the people want change

  • Harrison wins election bc they want change (highest voter turnout since prop requirement is dropped)

    • Harrison dies a month in (pnumonia) tyler becomes prez