World Civilization II Exam 2

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader who became emperor in 1804 and expanded France’s power across Europe.

Tokugawa

The family that ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868, known for keeping the country peaceful but isolated.

Factory system

A way of producing goods that uses machines and workers in large buildings, originating in the Industrial Revolution.

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 17th and 18th centuries promoting reason, science, and individual rights.

The American Revolution

The war (1775–1783) in which the American colonies won independence from Britain.

The French Revolution

A major uprising (1789–1799) that ended the French monarchy and pushed for equality and democracy.

“Invisible Hand”

An idea by Adam Smith stating that free markets operate most efficiently when individuals act in their own self-interest.

Economic dependence

When a country relies heavily on another for trade or money, often making it weaker.

Nationalism

A strong pride in one's country, often based on shared culture and history.

Formal vs. informal imperialism

Formal imperialism involves direct control, while informal imperialism relies on influence through business or politics.

Daimyo

Powerful Japanese landowners and warlords during the feudal era, ruling over large areas.

Floating Worlds

Entertainment districts in Japan during the Edo period symbolizing pleasure and escape from daily life.

Aristocracy

A class of wealthy and powerful individuals, often born into privilege.

Meritocracy

A system where power and success are based on skills and achievements rather than family background.

The Ottoman Empire

A powerful empire (1299–1922) that controlled parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

The Safavid Empire

A Persian empire (1501–1736) that established Shia Islam as the official religion of Iran.

The Mughal Empire

A Muslim empire (1526–1857) in India known for blending Persian and Indian culture.

Shia

A branch of Islam that believes leaders should come from Muhammad’s descendants.

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam that believes leadership should be based on qualification.

Akbar

A great Mughal emperor (1542–1605) known for expanding the empire and promoting religious tolerance.

Aurangzeb

A Mughal emperor (1618–1707) who expanded the empire but enforced strict Islamic laws.

Otto von Bismarck

A German leader who united Germany in 1871 through war and diplomacy.

Miguel de Hidalgo

A Mexican priest who led a rebellion for independence from Spain in 1810.

Thomas Jefferson

A U.S. Founding Father and main writer of the Declaration of Independence.

Social contract

The idea that people agree to follow rules for protection and order.

Oligarchy

A government controlled by a small group of powerful individuals.

Self-determination

The right of people to govern themselves and make their own political decisions.

Industrialization

The shift from handmade goods to machine production, leading to economic growth.

Interchangeable parts

Identical parts that can be easily replaced in machines, speeding up production.

Department stores

Large stores that sell a variety of goods, becoming popular in the 19th century.

Corporation

A business owned by investors who share profits without being personally liable for debts.

Opium Wars

Conflicts (1839–1842, 1856–1860) between China and Britain over opium sales.

Utopian socialism

The belief in creating a perfect society where wealth and resources are shared equally.

Sepoy Rebellion

A violent uprising in India (1857) against British rule sparked by cultural tensions.

Protectionism

An economic policy that limits imports and supports local businesses.