Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders

SLP

Speech-Language Pathologist

AUD

Audiologist

ASHA

American Speech - Language - Hearing Association

Communication

An exchange of meaning between a sender and a receiver

Speech

Sound production achieved by movements of the vocal mechanism

Language

A standardized set of symbols and the conventions for combining those symbols into words, phrases, sentences, and texts for the purpose of communicating thoughts and feelings

Hearing

Awareness of sound, the ability to distinguish among sounds, and the ability to process sounds that occur at a rapid rate

Speech disorder

Articulation and phonological disorders, fluency disorders, voice disorders

Language disorder

Developmental language disorders, acquired language disorders, cognitive disorders

Hearing disorders

Conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, mixed hearing loss

Place

Produce blockages at different places in oral cavity, named for articulators involved or the contact point for the tongue

Voicing

Voiced vs voiceless

Manner

Different ways speakers can block airflow through the oral cavity using different types of construction

Content (Semantics)

The meaning of language; the linguistic representation of objects, ideas, feelings, and events, as well as the relations among these phenomena

Form

The structure of language

Phonology

The study of the sounds we use to make words

Morphology

Internal organization of words

Syntax

Linguistic conventions for organizing word order

Use (Pragmatics)

The way speakers select different forms that best fit the communication context; sociolinguistic conventions that help us decide what to say to whom, how to say it, and when to say it

Difference vs. disorder

Different cultures talk and interact in different ways. Difference is a state of being different, while a disorder is an illness that disrupts normal functions

Code switching

The ability to use a dialect in some settings but not others, or to vary its usage throughout an event

Dialect

A variation of a language that is spoken by people from a particular geographic area

Lobes of brain

Frontal - motor movements; Parietal - sensory processing; Temporal - auditory processing; Occipital - visual processing

Respiratory pathway

1. Mouth/nose 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchi 6. Bronchioles 7. Lungs/alveoli

Phonation - basic process

Vocal folds are brought together; outgoing air from the lungs builds below vocal folds; when the pressure below exceeds the pressure of holding the vocal folds together, they blow apart and vibrate

Role of epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the lungs and windpipe when swallowing

Role of velum

Separates the nasal and oral cavities; allows for the separation of oral and nasal sounds

Articulation

Process of forming speech sounds by movement of the articulators

Articulation disorders

1. perceptual or input-related (hearing loss)

2. structural (cleft lip or palate)

3. motor or out put -related (neurological) ex: Dsyarthria (muscle weakness) or apraxia ( inconsistent speech production)

SODA

Substitutions, omissions, distortions, additions

Phonological disorder

Difficulty understanding and implementing the underlying rules for producing sounds and sequences

Types of phonological processes

1. Final consonant deletion 2. Syllable deletion 3. Cluster reduction 4. Assimilation 5. Stopping 6. Fronting

Dysarthria

Muscle weakness

Apraxia

Inability to effectively plan motor movement; difficult to speak correctly and consistently - motor planning problem

Childhood Apraxia

Children demonstrate severe speech disorder with words dominated by simple syllable shapes, vowel errors, and sounds that develop early

Acquired Apraxia

Disorder in the planning and programming of speech movement due to left frontal lobe brain damage

Screening

A tool that helps determine if a child needs a more in-depth evaluation

Assessment

A more detailed process that provides a diagnosis and treatment

therapy progressions for speech sounds

isolation → syllables → words → phrases → sentences → connected speech

fixed structures

teeth, alveolar ridge, and hard palate

mobile structures

jaw and tongue