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Adolescent fertility rate
The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15.
Cooperative
An association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned enterprise.
Developed country
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
Developing country
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development.
Development
A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Fair trade
A variation of international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries.
Female labor force participation rate
The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Gender Development Index (GDI)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the strength of attitudes biased against women.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, excluding money that leaves and enters the country.
Gross national income (GNI)
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters.
Gross national product (GNP)
The value of the output of goods and services produced by the residents and businesses of a country in a year regardless of whether they are located in the country or abroad.
Human Development Index (HDI)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the level of development for a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy.
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
A modification of the HDI to account for inequality.
Literacy rate
The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.
Microfinance
Provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.
Millennium Development Goals
Eight goals adopted by the U.N. in 2002 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2015.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
An index constructed by the U.N. that modifies the HDI to measure the complexities of the lives of people living in poverty.
Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. that modifies the HDI to account for a country's carbon dioxide emissions per person and the amount of raw materials extracted per person to meet the country's demand for goods and services.
Primary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth, principally through agriculture.
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Pupil/teacher ratio
The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers.
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country.
Quaternary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with information- and knowledge-based services.
Quinary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with human services and hospitality.
Secondary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
Structural adjustment program
Economic reforms that a developing country must adopt in order to secure financial support from the IMF, the World Bank, or a developed country.
Sustainable Development Goals
Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.
Tertiary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
World-systems theory
A theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that in an increasingly unified world economy developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries are found on the periphery and semi-periphery.
