13.2 Cardiovascular System: Angiology

ANGIOLOGY

• from the Greek. angeion – vessel; a medical specialty focused on the circulatory system, specifically the study of blood vessels (arteries and veins) and lymphatic vessels, as well as their diseases

Arteries

Veins

name the blood vessels (2)

Arteries

• transport (oxygen-rich, principal nutrients) blood away from the heart

• a critical part of the circulatory system, responsible for transporting blood away from the heart to various tissues and organs

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

name the three subparts of the blood vessels

Arterioles

branches of arteries

Capillaries

smallest diameter, allow passage of cells and nutrients into the tissues

Venules

where capillaries empty the less oxygenated blood to the veins

Veins

• return blood (less-oxygenated, with metabolic products) to the heart

• Mostly satellites of arteries

• Return blood from the periphery to the heart via the right atrium; it functions as drainage of tissues and supply blood to several organs (liver and hypophysis)

Pulmonary trunk

Aorta

name the two main branch of arteries

Pulmonary trunk

• arises from the right ventricle and passes into the lungs, where their branches follows the bronchi; these are the only arteries in the body that carries deoxygenated venous blood

Left and Right Pulmonary arteries

• branches of the pulmonary trunk which delivers venous blood to the lobes of the right and left lung

Aorta

Major artery of the systemic circulation that is separated from the left ventricle by the aortic valve

Ascending aorta

Descending aorta

name the two main branches of aorta

Ascending aorta

• ascends on the right side of the pulmonary trunk before it makes a U-turn dorsocaudally and to the left as aortic arch

Persistent Right Aortic Arch (PRAA)

• the condition where in some animals (German Shepherd Breed), the ascending aorta has reportedly developed from the right portion of the 4th branchial artery

• in affected animals, the LA crosses the dorsal aspect of the esophagus causing a partial obstruction that can lead to the formation of diverticulum (megaesophagus) → development of regurgitation of food materials

Ligamentum arteriosum (Botalli’s Ligament or Harvey’s Ligament)

• structure that joins the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

• is the remnant of the fetal Ductus Arteriosus; if it fails to close after birth, the condition is called Persistent (Patent) Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Aortic Arch

• The curved portion of the aorta that connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta

Brachiocephalic Trunk

• provides the blood supply for the thoracic limb, neck, and ventral portion of the trunk,

Bicarotid trunk

Left and right subclavian arteries

What structures does the Brachiocephalic trunk divide into? (4)

Bicarotid trunk

• is where the left and right common carotid artery branch out from the brachiocephalic trunk

• represents an anomaly in the normal branching pattern of the aortic arch;

• have been documented in domestic cats

Cranial thyroid artery

• Cranial laryngeal artery

• Ascending pharyngeal

Caudal thyroid artery

External Carotid artery

• Maxillary artery

Internal Carotid artery

Occipital artery

Linguofacial artery

name the arteries that branch out from the Left and Right Common Artery of the Bicarotid trunk (6) and their sub-branches (3)

Cranial thyroid artery

• largest branch/ only significant collateral branches of the common carotid artery

Cranial laryngeal artery

• has pharyngeal branch, laryngeal branch, and muscular branch

• Dogs: a branch of the external carotid artery

• Horse: is from the cranial thyroid artery

Ascending pharyngeal

• has palatine branches, pharyngeal branches

• present only in ruminants

• In the horse, it is a branch of the cranial thyroid artery

• In dog, it is a branch of the external carotid artery

• In pig, it is a branch of the lingual artery

Caudal thyroid artery

• small; it is not constant in its origin; gives rise to the right and left branches

• from the bicarotid trunk

Maxillary artery

• direct continuation of the external carotid artery the space below the orbit (pterygopalatine fossa)

• In dogs and horses, passes through the alar canal

Internal carotid artery

• smaller terminal branch of the common carotid artery

Occipital artery

• gives rise to the condyloid artery, cervical branch, descending branch, and occipital branch where the caudal meningeal artery leave

Linguofacial artery

• divided into a Lingual artery and Facial artery

• horse and ox – it is a common a trunk

• dogs – separated into two

• pigs – it is separated into two, the facial artery is small and is compensated by the large buccal artery (largest collateral branch of maxillary artery)

• goats and sheep – the facial artery is absent, it is replaced by the transverse facial artery

Lingual artery

• gives rise to the ascending palatine artery, perihyoid branches, tonsillar branches, deep lingual artery, facial artery which gives rise to the glandular and muscular branches, sublingual artery

Left and right subclavian artery

• supplies blood to the forelimbs, neck, and ventral part of the thorax

Costocervical trunk

Supreme intercostal artery

Dorsal Scapular artery

Deep cervical artery

Vertebral artery

Superficial cervical artery

Internal thoracic artery

• Musculophrenic artery

• Cranial epigastric artery

Axillary artery

• Suprascapular artery

• Subscapular artery

  • Caudal circumflex humeral artery

  • Circumflex scapular artery

• Thoracodorsal artery

  • External thoracic artery

  • Lateral thoracic artery

• Brachial artery

  • Cranial circumflex humeral artery

  • Deep brachial artery

    • Superficial brachial artery

  • Bicipital artery

  • Transverse cubital artery

  • Ulnar collateral artery

  • Common interosseous arteries

  • Median artery

    • Radial artery

    • Dorsal and palmar carpal artery

  • Medial palmar artery

    • Medial and lateral digital palmar artery

name the arteries that branch out from the Left and Right Subclaivian Artery of the Birachiocephalic trunk (8) and their sub-branches (7)

Vertebral artery

• In the ox, this artery also vascularizes caudal parts of the brain

Lateral thoracic artery

• In carnivores, it is accompanied by the lateral thoracic nerve

Superficial brachial artery

• present only in dogs

Common interosseous artery

• cranial and caudal interosseous artery

Brachial artery - brachium

Median Artery - antebrachium

what artery supplies the brachium and the antebrachium?

Descending aorta

(thoracic and abdominal portion): The portion of the aorta that extends downward from the aortic arch

Thoracic Aorta

• Dorsal intercostal artery

• Bronchoesophageal artery

  • Bronchial artery

  • Esophageal artery

• Costoabdominal artery

• Cranial phrenic artery

Abdominal Aorta

• Caudal phrenic artery

• Celiac artery

  • Left gastric artery

  • Hepatic artery

  • Splenic artery

    • Left gastroepiploic artery

• Cranial mesenteric artery

  • Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery

  • Jejunal arteries

  • Ileocolic artery

• Renal arteries

• Testicular or ovarian arteries

• Caudal mesenteric artery

  • Left colic artery

  • Cranial rectal artery

• Left and right external iliac artery

  • Deep circumflex artery

  • Deep femoral artery

    • Femoral artery

  • Pudendoepigastric arterial trunk

    • External pudendal artery

    • Caudal epigastric artery

  • Popliteal artery

    • Genicular arteries

    • Middle genicular arteries

    • Cranial tibial artery

    • Caudal tibial artery

• Left and right internal iliac artery

  • Median sacral artery

  • Caudal gluteal artery

  • Obturator artery

  • Internal pudendal artery

    • Umbilical artery

    • Uterine artery

    • Vaginal artery

    • Caudal rectal artery

    • Ventral perineal artery

    • Vestibular artery

name the 2 main branches of the descending aorta and their sub branches ()

Thoracic aorta

thoracic cavity, enter the diaphragm by the aortic hiatus to become the abdominal aorta

Cranial phrenic artery

branch of the thoracic aorta that is absent in horses only

Caudal phrenic artery

branch of the abdominal aorta that is present in horses only

Left gastric artery

to the stomach and supplies also a branch to the thoracic esophagus (exiting the esophageal hiatus)

Hepatic artery

it terminates into right gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery (divides into cranial pancreatoduodenal and right gastroepiploic artery)

Porcine

• what specie does celiac generally divides into hepatic and splenic arteries only;

• the left gastric artery is one of the branches of the splenic artery

Bovine

• what specie does the splenic artery gives off the left ruminal artery (found in left longitudinal groove of rumen), right ruminal artery (found in right longitudinal groove of rumen) and reticular artery to reticulum

Ileocolic artery

• divided into three branches in dogs, ox, and pigs (Cecal artery, ileal artery, and colic branch– further divided into right and middle colic artery)

• In horse, the___ gives off to medial cecal & lateral cecal arteries

Renal arteries

The right renal artery is more cranial in position than the left cranial artery EXCEPT in pigs

Left and right external iliac artery

Principal artery of hindlimb

Canine

what specie does the deep circumflex artery arises directly from the abdominal aorta

Equine (mare)

what specie does the uterine artery (first branch of the external iliac artery) present

Femoral artery

• (femoral triangle)

• Lateral circumflex iliac artery, Saphenous artery, caudal femoral arteries

External pudendal artery

supplies the scrotum, mammary gland

Caudal epigastric artery

supplies the abdominal muscles

Cranial tibial artery

dorsal pedal artery (craniolateral aspect of the hock) w/c continues to become the dorsal metatarsal artery III (main vessel to the foot) & ends as the medial & lateral digital arteries

Left and right internal iliac artery

provides blood supply to the pelivc viscera & the walls of the pelvic cavity, including the lumbar muscles & overlying muscles of the gluteal region

Uterine artery

• (difference source in Mare)

• remnant of the fetal blood supply

Vaginal artery (female) or prostatic artery (male)

supplies the urinary bladder, urethra, uterus, vagina, rectum, accessory genital glands

Pulmonary veins

Cardiac veins (Coronary sinus)

Cranial vena cava

Caudal vena cava

Portal vein

name the five main branches of the veins

Pulmonary veins

Vein of the Pulmonary Circulation; carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left ventricle of the heart

Cardiac veins (Coronary sinus)

Largest cardiac venous structure that returns blood from myocardium to the right atrium

Cranial vena cava

• Opens into the right atrium

• Returns blood from head, neck, thoracic limbs and chest

• It is formed at the level of the thoracic inlet by the convergence of the jugular veins and then joined by the right and left subclavian veins; its roots also receive the lymph from the thoracic duct

• It also joined by the right azygous vein in horse, dog, cat

External jugular vein

Azygous vein

Subclavian vein

the cranial vena cava branches out to (3)

External jugular vein

• Main vein from the head and neck, it is formed near the angle of the jaw by the union of linguofacial & maxillary vein

• It runs along the neck occupying the jugular groove or furrow (between the brachiocephalicus dorsally and sternocephalicus ventrally)

Azygous vein

• Formed by the union of the first two lumbar veins and passes through the aortic hiatus into the thoracic cavity where it receives blood from the intercostal veins

• In Dogs, Cats, and Horse: Only the Right ___ vein persists in adult

• In Pigs: Left ___ but occasionally both persists

• In Ruminants:

  • BOTH VEINS ARE PRESENT

  • The left ___ may detach a branch to the right side of the median plane called the right hemiazygous vein

Left Azygous vein

Right Azygous vein

the azygous vein further branches out to form (2)

Left Azygous vein

drains directly into the coronary sinus (coronary vein)

Right Azygous vein

joins the terminal part of the cranial vena cava

Right Hemiazygous Vein

a structure in ruminants where the left azygous may detach a branch to the right side of the median plane

Subclavian vein

• Main vein draining from the thoracic limb

• Accompanied by the following before joining the external jugular vein and cranial vena cava:

  • Axillary vein

  • Median cubital vein

  • Brachial vein

  • Median vein (accessory cephalic & cephalic vein)

  • Metacarpal veins

  • Medial and lateral digital palmar veins

Caudal vena cava

• enters the caval foramen of the diaphragm and returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limbs -

• Joined by the following:

  • Median sacral vein

  • Common iliac (External & internal iliac) veins

    • External iliac veins

  • Renal veins

  • Segmental veins of the lumbar spine

  • Hepatic veins and veins from diaphragm

External iliac veins

hindlimb (femoral, popliteal, cranial tibial- medial & lateral saphenous vein, dorsal pedal, metatarsal, medial & lateral digital, internal iliac veins- pelvic walls & pelvic viscera)

Portal vein

• Collects blood from all unpaired organs within the abdominal cavity and transports blood to the liver

Cranial mesenteric vein

Caudal mesenteric vein

Splenic vein

Hepatic vein

name the sub-branches of the portal vein (4)

Portal vein and hepatic artery

______ and ___ ___ both provide nutrition to the liver

ductus venosus

In fetus, the umbilical vein from the placenta enters the liver and is shunted into the caudal vena cava through the ___ ___ (this undergoes regression shortly after birth)

Heart of avian

• Four-chambered, broadly similar to that of mammals but relatively much larger (in relation to body size) & its contraction is much faster (up to 1000bpm in small birds)

• Conical in shape, apex is formed solely by the LEFT ventricle

• It lies within the thorax, both between and in front of the lobes of the liver, it is attached to the sternum by the fibrous pericardium

Right AV Valve of avian

Single muscular flap without chordae tendineae

Left AV Valve of avian

Has three cusps attached to the chordae tendineae

Cranial vena cava of avian

2 in number, satellite to the brachiocephalic arteries & receive tributaries (jugular & subclavian veins) from neck & head and the breast and wing

Jugular vein of avian

Right is larger than the left and is visible to the skin and available for venipuncture in birds (except pigeons – medial metatarsal vein)

Basilic vein (Cutaneous ulnar vein) of avian

• AKA Wing vein,

• ideal site for venipuncture; it is subcutaneous on the ventral surface of the extended wing,

• it may also be used for the administration of fluids or collection of very small volumes of blood