Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 CCC The Human Organism Lecture

Anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure

Physiology

Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Gross (Anatomy)

Structures examined without a microscope

Regional, Systemic, Surface

Regional (Anatomy)

Studied area by area

Systemic

Studied system by system

Surface

External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

Structures so small they require aid of microscope

Cytology & Histology

Cytology

Cellular anatomy

Histology

Study of tissues

x-ray

electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates radiograph

ultrasound

sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram

Computed Tomography (CT)

Computer-analyzed x-ray images.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

3-D radiographic image of an organ

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected and analyzed by computer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic stateeeeeeeeeeeeee

Cell physiology

Examines processes in cells

Systemic physiology

Functions of organ systems (neurophysiology & cardiovascular physiology)

Neurophysiology

Focuses on the nervous system

Cardiovascular physiology

The heart and blood vessels

Pathology

Structural and functional changes caused by disease

Exercise physiology

Changes in structure and function caused by exercise

*structural and functional organization of the human body

Chemical level, Cell level, Tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

Chemical level

Interaction of atoms

Cell level

Structural and functional unit of living organisms

Tissue level

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Organ level

One or more tissues functioning together

Organ system level

Group of organs functioning together

Organism level

Any living thing

Skeletal System

Provides protection and support allows body movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat

*ligaments

Connect bone to bone

*Tendons

connect muscles to the skeleton

muscular system

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to skeleton by tendons

6 characteristics of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

Organization

condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

Metabolism

all chemical reactions of the body

Responsiveness

ability to sense changes and adjust

Growth

increase in size and/or number of cells

Development/ Differentiation/Morphogenesis

changes in an organism over time

changes from general to specific

changes in shape of tissues, organs

Reproduction

new cells or new organisms

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body

Normal range

Values of variables (conditions) fluctuate around the set point

Set point

The ideal normal value of a variable

Receptor

Monitors the value of some variable

Control center

Establishes the set point

Effector

Can change the value of the variable

Stimulus

Deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor

Anatomical position

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

Supine

Lying face upward

Prone

lying face down

Superior (cephalic) vs Inferior (caudal)

Toward or away from the head

Medial vs lateral

Relative to the midline

Proximal vs distal

Used to describe linear structures

Superficial vs deep

Relative to the surface of the body

Anterior (ventral) vs. posterial (dorsal)

Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back

Subdivisions of the abdomen

Quadrants/regions

Planes through the body:

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

Sagittal

Divides body into left and right portions

(median is a sagittal plane down the midline of body

Frontal (coronal)

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Transverse (horizontal)

Divides body into superior and inferior sections

Oblique

Other than a right angle

Planes through an organ

Longitudinal/transverse/oblique

Longitudinal

Cut along the length of an organ

Transverse (cross)

Cut at a right angle to the length of the organ

Oblique

Cut at any but a right angle

body cavities

dorsal & ventral body cavities

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity & vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Houses the brain

Vertebral canal

Houses the spinal cord

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Divided into pleural cavities and a medial mediastinum

Pleural cavities

Each enclose a lung

Mediastinum

Heart, some major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, esophagus

Abdominopelvic cavity

consists of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Contains many digestive organs

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs

Serous Membranes

Cover the organs of trunk cavity and line the cavity

visceral serous membrane

Inner balloon wall

Parietal serous membrane

Outer balloon wall

Pericardium

Surrounds the heart

Pleura

Surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity

Peritoneum

Surrounds many abdominal organs and lines the abdominopelvic cavity