HAID: Romanticism-International Style

ROMANTICISM

Individualism, subjectivism, irrationalism, imagination and nature - emotions over reasons and senses over intellect.

ROMANTICISM

Expression of emotion - historic nostalgia, fear, supernatural elements, social injustice. Adoration of nature, Painterly style - visible brushstrokes

William Blake

painted with watercolor over prints to produce highly imaginative and enigmatic works of art (Ancient Days).

John Singleton Copley

Boston-born American. Portraits of important figures of middle class men and women of colonial New England. His portraits were innovative and portray their subjects with artifacts that were indicative of their lives (The Boy with Squirrel, Watson and the Shark).

Theodore Gerricault

French romanticist. Had an interest in human psychology and a sense of revolt against political and social pressures (Mad Woman with a Mania of Envy, The Raft of Medusa).

Eugene Delacroix

derived his subjects from masterworks of western literature. Large sweeps of color, lively patterns and energetic figure groups (Liberty Leading the People, The Baroque of Dante).

John Constable

English romantic painter. Known for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale (Hay Wain).

REALISM

Accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature of contemporary life. Rejects imaginative idealization of Romanticism in close favor of a close observation of outward appearances. Age of Rationalism and Imperialism, Age of Science and Doubt, Age of Progress and the Victorian Age.

REALISM

Veered away from idealism, Absolute objectivity - honestly everyday people and situations

The Realists

focused on scientific concepts of vision and the study of optical effects of light. Expresses a taste of democracy and the rejection of the inherent old artistic tradition (John Singleton Copley, Gustav Courbet, Hilaire Germaine, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet).

Barbizon School

French landscape artists. Establish landscape and motif of country style as visual subjects to French artists (Theodore Rousseau, Jean Francois Millet).

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

English painters, poets, and critics grouped to reform art by rejecting practices of contemporary academic British art. First avant-garde movement in art and believe that the only great art was before High Renaissance, before Raphael. Columned the art of idealization and promoted works based on real landscapes and models. They were the forerunner of the Arts and Crafts movement.

Hudson River School

first American school of landscape painting. Subjects were the spectacles of the Hudson River Valley and the upper state of New York.

Gustav Courbet

first French realist. Believed that artists could accurately represent only their experience. Committed to socialist principles and experiences of the present (The Painter's Studio, Funeral at Ormans).

Honore Daumier

a lithographer and cartoonist, satirized Parisian officials, city life and the classical tradition that lingered. Famous for his satirical caricatures (The Freedom of the Press, Transonian Street).

Edouard Manet

use of shallow perspective. Forerunner of Modernism. Has shock value (Dejeuner sur l'herb, Olympia, Dead Torreador).

IMPRESSIONISM

Optical realism, Scientific interest in the actual visual experience and effect of light and movement on appearance of objects. Accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color.

Claude Monet

landscape impressionist and leader of the pleinairists - people who believed in working outdoors (Autumn Effect on Argentuil, Les Bassin de Nympheas, Impression:Sunrise).

Edouard Manet

Artist that uses full brush strokes and full strokes, placement of colors side by side, placing a concentration of light on an important feature of the picture to record the impression of the eye naturally and immediately receives

(Bar at Folies Berger, Boating at Argentuil).

Edgar Degas

worked in pastels and oils. Big diagonal viewpoint and abrupt cutting of composition by picture frame. His favorite subject was ballet (Absinthe, Dancers Practicing at the Bar).

Pierre August Renoir

genre and portrait of real people. Interested in the interplay of colors caused by flickerings of sunshine and shadow, and his tone harmonies are attained by innumerable light refractions (The Luncheon of the Boating Party, By the Seashore).

Rodin

sculptor and interested in conveying dynamic, experimental process, rather than in the finished work itself (The Burghers of Calais, The Kiss).

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM

Reacted against the empirical realism of Impressionism by relying on systematic calculation and scientific theory to achieve predetermined visual effects. Applied scientific optical principles of light and color to create strictly formalized compositions.

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

Reaction against poor quality mass-produced goods, conceiving of craft and decoration as a single entity in the hand crafting of both utilitarian and decorative subjects. Abhorred the machine frames and detested the use of steel frames and reinforced concrete.

RATIONALISM

Emphasized the decorative use of materials and textures and the development of ornament as an integral part of a structure rather than as an applied ornament.

William Morris

leader of the arts and crafts movement. Associated with Pre-Raphaelite Movement. Championed the cause of the craftsmen and encouraged a return to the skill of weaving, and hand printing.

The Glasgow School of Art

by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Has an austere statement and bold break away from the traditional methods of architectural adornment.

The Red House

by Philip Webb. Has a deliberate attempt at expressing surface textures of ordinary materials, such as stone and tiles, with an asymmetrical and quaint building composition.

ART NOUVEAU

Fluid, undulating motifs often derived from natural forms. First non-historic style that broke away from history.

Style Guimard

Art Nouveau in France

Stile Floreale

Art Nouveau in Italy

Modernismo

Art Nouveau in Spain

Stile Liberty

Art Nouveau in Britain

Sezzesionistil

Art Nouveau in Austria

Jugendstijl

Art Nouveau in Germany

Hotel Tassel

by Victor Horta. Known for its highly decorated stairwell which makes a refined play on the vegetable and flower form.

Casa Mila/La Pedrera

by Antonio Gaudi. An apartment block with undulating forms and cast-iron balconies.

The Sagrada Familia

by Gaudi. Barcelona basilica combined Gothic and Art Nouveau elements.

Paris Metropolitan Entrances

by Hector Guimard. 141 models of the Paris entrance to the Metropolitan between 1900-1913. Inspiration from nature.

SYMBOLISM

Provides an intellectual alternative to purely visual painting of the impressionist, inspiring surrealist.

Paul Gaugain

applied paint smoothly, colors are bright in flat, unmodeled shapes. Painted tropical landscapes and brown-skinned natives (The Spirit of the Dead Watchers, Two Tahitian Women).

Paul Cezanne

pre-cubism. Handling of masses and planes given depth by structure, color, and unconventional perspective. Triangle, square, and circle (Still Life with Plaster Cupid, Village of Gardene, The Large Bathers).

FAUVISM

Uses brilliant luminous colors and bold, spontaneous handling of paint.

Fauve

wild beast

Henri Matisse

leader of the Fauves. Extraordinarily decorative quality with flat-patterned compositions in pure colors.

EXPRESSIONISM

Opposition to academic standards and emphasized artists' subjective emotion which overrides fidelity to the actual appearance of things.

Vincent Van Gogh

Dutch painter since the Baroque times. Reflected a social consciousness reminiscent of Realism. Use of powerful brushstrokes (The Starry Night, Sunflowers).

Edward Munch

Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intense, evocative treatment of psychological and emotional themes was a major influence on the development of German Expressionism (The Scream, Puberty).

ABSTRACTION

Conscious and methodological destruction of particular and recognizable in appearance. Artistic elimination of rational visual association. Uses of lines, colors, and basic shapes.

Wassily Kandinsky

Russian painter and art theorist.

CUBISM

Showed objects in their basic geometric shapes.

analytic

early phase of cubism, founded by Picasso and Braque. It analyzed subjects from multiple viewpoints and fragmented them into geometric shapes.

synthetic

later phase of cubism that combined different materials and elements into a single artwork, emphasizing flatness, overlapping of planes and and color. It introduced more vivid colors and incorporated collage elements.

Georges Braque

French painter and leader of Cubism. Represents the world as seen from a number of different viewpoints (Piano and the Mandola, Violin and Candlestick).

Pablo Picasso

Spanish painter and sculptor. Co-founder of Cubism and Father of Collage (Guernica, Demoiselle d'Avignon).

Collage

textural effects using paper and other materials in the composition.

Simultaneity in Art

concurrent presentation of 2/3 side of an object.

Blue Period

Picasso’s _ where he painted beggars and miserable humanity.

Rose Period

Picasso's _ represents more pleasant themes of clowns, harlequins and carnival performers, depicted in cheerful vivid hues of red, orange, pink and earth tones.

Marcel Duchamp

associated with Dadaism and Surrealism. First forayed in Cubism (Nude Descending a Staircase).

DE STIJL

Influenced by Cubism and Frank Lloyd Wright. Movement founded in the Netherlands in 1917. Use of black and white with primary colors, rectangular forms and asymmetry. Founded by architect Gerrit Rietveld, and artists Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian.

Piet Mondrian

purest and most methodical of the early abstractionists.

Simplified the elements of his artwork in an effort to reflect what he believed to be the order underlying the visible world. Limited his color palette to black, white, and the 3 primary colors.

Neo-plasticism

is an art movement characterized by abstract, geometric paintings using primary colors and simple forms like horizontal and vertical lines, rectangles, and squares.

The Schroder House

by Gerrit Rietveld. Facades are a collage of planes and lines whose components are purposely detached from, and seem to glide past, one another. There is no static accumulation of rooms, but a dynamic, changeable open zone.

Scheepvaartstraat

by JJ Oud. Has no ornamentation and has clean lines.

BAUHAUS DESIGN

School of design established in Weimar, Germany by Walter Gropius. The synthesis of technology, craft and design aesthetics, with an emphasis on functional design in architecture and the applied arts.

Bauhaus

style that shuns ornamentation and favors functionality, Uses asymmetry and regularity.

Walter Gropius

German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. One of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

German-American architect who was a principal exponent of the International style. Pioneer for skyscrapers. Created an influential Twentieth-century architectural style stated with extreme clarity and simplicity (Barcelona Pavillion, Seagram Building, Tugendhat House).

Marcel Breuer

director of the cabinetmaking workshop at Bauhaus. Invented tubular steel furniture.

AEG Turbine Factory

by Peter Behrens. Pioneered modern, large-scale industrial development.

The Bauhaus Buildings

by Gropius. Refined architectural ideas with glass curtain wall suspended in front of the load-bearing framework.

Fagus Shoe Factory

by Gropius and Adolf Meyer. Stunning rectilinear volume.

The German Pavilion or the Barcelona Pavilion

by Van der Rohe. Asymmetrical, single story building divided by partition walls using marble, onyx, and chrome.

MODERMISM/MODERN STYLE

Deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement from the past in the arts and literature occurring in the course of the 20th C. Rejection of historical styles. Form follows function. Rejection of ornaments and unnecessary details. Machine aesthetic

ART DECO

Geometric motifs, streamlined and curvilinear forms, sharply defined outlines, often bold colors, and the use of synthetic materials. Has diverse historic elements but emphasizes modernity and employs the latest industrial materials and techniques.

ART DECO

Simple clean shapes, Geometric or stylized representational forms, Uses expensive materials (bakelite, vita-glass, ferroconcrete, jade, silver, ivory, obsidian, chrome, and rock crystal). Streamline, Tiered

Chrysler Building

second tallest building in New York City. Sunburst feature.

Empire State Building

by Shevre, Lamb and Harmon. World's tallest building for 40 years.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Minimalist in concept, devoid of regular characteristics, stresses functionalism and rejects all nonessential decorative elements, Emphasized the horizontal aspects of a building

Philip Johnson

pioneer of the International Style

Louis Sullivan

"Form follows Function" Father of Modernism. Most innovative architects of the developing modern period. Highly original, organic architectural details inspired by nature (Wainwright Building).

Frank Lloyd Wright

most prolific and influential architect of the 20th C. Rich in emotion and sensitive to its surroundings. Believed that architecture was an extension of the environment, invented the open plan interiors, and Prairie Style a two-story height with wings and/or porches of one story, integrated with its site to provide a low, horizontal appearance.

Falling Water

built on waterfalls. Interpenetrating of exterior and interior spaces and the strong emphasis on harmony between man and nature.

Guggenheim Museum, NY

series of organic shapes. Circular forms spiral down like the interior of a nautilus shell.

Johnson Wax Administration Building

200 sizes and shapes of bricks. Light shines into the building through several layers of glass tubes that cannot be seen through.

Le Corbusier

also known as "Corbu". Wrote Vers Une Architecture linking Greek temples, Gothic cathedrals, and cars, aircrafts, and ocean liners. He also described the house as "A machine for living in".

5 points of architecture by Le Corbusier

• Pilotis (Pillars)

• Free Design of the Ground Plan

• Free Design of the Facade

• Horizontal Windows

• Roof Garden

Pilotis

slender columns of iron, steel, or reinforced concrete supporting a building above an open ground level.

Villa Savoye

allowing sunlight to pour into the main living quarters and the windows and roof terraces afford views out across the French countryside.

Unite d'Habitation

housing block described as a great concrete "ocean liner". Used the Golden Ratio.

Notre Dame-du-Haut Ronchamp

chapel made of concrete and is small, enclosed by thick walls, and upturned roof.