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B-mode

Is responsible for displaying a two-dimensional map

-it visually represents echoes that are electrically converted into intensity-modulated signals on the screen

Display modes

Ultrasound imaging employs various modes to examine differents parts of the body. These modes can be controlled by the operator

A mode , B mode, M mode

The primary modes include ;

A mode

Refers to the display of amplitude spikes of varying heights, represents the time required for an ultrasound beam to strike a tissue interface and return its signal to the transducer

M mode

Often referred to as Time motion or TM-mode, utilizes a one-dimensional image for analyzing the movement of body parts. In this mode spikes are converted into dots

Pulse repetition period ( PRP )

Consists of pulse duration and receiving time

Pulse-repetition frequency (PRF)

Number of times a pulsed activity occurs every second

Knobology

Terminology that describes the manipulation of ultrasound knobs and system controls in order to obtain the best image possible from diagnostic ultrasound

Color-doppler imaging, Color flow imaging

Extends the use of pulse-echo imaging principle to include doppler-shifted echoes that indicate blood flow or tissue motion

Doppler effect

The frequency of sound changes when the source of the sound is moving

Backspace

Will erase the last user entered character to the left of the cursor

Annofation on/off

Which allows annotation to be entered from the keyboard onto the screen

Erase screen

Will erase all user entered annotations from the screen where the cursor is located

Keyboard controls ( alphanumeric )

Allow user to enter patients name, ID number. And provide full screen annotation

Color doppler displays of blood flow

A. Color doppler shift

B. Color doppler power

C. Three dimensional color doppler power displays

Trackball

to guide the cursor on the screen and position the measurement cursors during the freeze mode

-allow two-dimensional image review to he scrolled in real time

Spectral doppler

Detection of flow in the heart and in blood vessels

Time gain compensation (f6c)

To equalize the differences in received echo amplitudes due to reflector depth

2/H overall Gain

Controls the overall amplification or gain applied to the signals produced by the echoes returning from the body

Focal Zone position

Controls the position of the focal zone to the desired scan depth

focal zone depth

Controls the depth range of the display , either increase or decrease the number of focal zones

Freeze frame key

To store the desired ultrasound image in the systems memory

Print key

Activates the resident multi image camera to record the frozen image

Cale key

Activates the appropriate calculations package

Transducer button

To select different transducers scan heads

New patient key

Will clear patient ID, graphics and comments so that nee information may be entered

Color doppler/ power doppler/ power angio

to activate the color and power Dopplermode of the system

Cine loop

The memory of the ultrasound unit stores the recently scanned image frames before the freeze frames key is depressed

Distance

Place the cursor for distance measurements

Trace/ellipse

Outline for curve and circumference measurements

Measure

To complete above measurements and display results

Off

To erase cursor, outlines, and measurement results

Monitor controls

Allows user to adjust the amount of detail in the ultrasound image

Brightness

Adjust the light output of the entire image

Needle/biopsy guide

Activates a line display which corresponds to the path of the needle used during invasive ultrasound procedures

Logulated cyst

Well defined with thick septa

Lobulated cyst

Well defined with thin septa, increased transmission

Hypoechoic mass

Few to low level internal echoes, smooth border, no increased transmisson

Complicated cysty

Mixed pattern of cystic and solid , fluid debris, blood, transmission may or may not be increases

Simple cyst

Smooth border, anechoic, increased transmission

Hypoechoic

Low level echoes within a structure

Lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract

Examples of hypoechoic are

Echogenic or hyperechoic

Opposite of anechoic, echo-producing structure, reflects sounds with brighter intensity , APPEARS WHITE

Isoechoic

Very close to the normal parenchyma echogenicity pattern

Ex. Metastatic disease

Heterogenous

Non uniform texture within

Homogenous

Uniform texture within

Infiltrating mass

Distorted architecture, irregular borders, decreased transmission

Abscess

May have irregular borders, debris within transmission may or mag not be increased

Ultrasound criteria for cyst/complex/solod

Border, transmission, texture

Acoustic shadow

Loss of acoustic power structures lying behind an attenuating or reflecting target

Anechoic or echolucent

Well defined echogenic walls without internal echoes, structures fluid filled and transmits sounds easily, appears black