Human Dev: Chapter 8

what stage of erikson is middle childhood

whether a child can master skills and develop a sense of themselves, or they feel inferior/incompetent

what is self-concept

n idea about themselves, including their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnicity 

• Their opinions about themselves become more logical as cognitive development and social awareness increase 

what is the adjustment-erosion model

emotional problems at 6 affect later academic difficulties (basically if ur troubled at 6 ur gonna struggle academically later on)

what is social comparison

comparing oneself to another 

• Makes self-concept more realistic 

• Children become aware of social prejudice, ethnicities, and gender 

what is resilience

capacity to adapt well to adversity and to overcome serious stress 

• Too many hardships makes resilience difficult 

• Resilience changes depending on the situation 

• Resilience is a positive adaption to stress 

self esteem characteristics

• Not favored in many cultures; humility is favored 

• School achievement and family status are crucial in developing self-esteem 

• Material possessions become more important in middle childhood 

• Self-esteem grows in middle childhood and decreases around 70  

• Narcissism reduces efforts to try new tasks, meet strangers, take on challenges 

what is cognitive coping

changing the way you think about things to manage stress

• Cortisol increases in low SES children if they think wtv happens to them is because of their status 

family function: definition + the basic needs

the way a family works to meet the needs of its members. The basic needs from 6-11 are... 

• Physical necessities 

• Learning 

• Self-respect 

• Peer relationships 

• Harmony and stability 

biological parents, married:

Tend to perform better academically, have fewer emotional problems, and have sold attachment 

same sex couples/adoptive families

• Show comparable commitment to their children's wellbeing as heterosexual ones 

• Income and stability matter more than sexual orientation 

cohabitation/stepfamilies

• Often face challenges related to lower income, less stability, and increased conflict 

• Children's success and behavior may be affected 

extended families

• Don’t usually last past 5 years; if it does, it's because of poverty or serious illness 

• Children are more likely to resent living with extended family cus they want independence 

what is child culture

customs, rules, and rituals passed down from older to younger children 

• Change is possible; rigid distinctions between body and girl culture has eroded 

what are the characteristics of friendships

• School children want personal friendships over peer acceptance 

• Many 6 year olds can befriend anyone of the same gender and age, but once they hit ten, they become selective 

what are aggressive-rejected children

other children don't want to be friends with them because they are antagonistic and confrontational 

what are the characteristics of a popular child

aggressive, friendly, prosocial

what is a withdrawn-rejected child

other children don't want to be friends with them because they are shy and anxious

what are the 4 types of bullying

repeated, systematic attacks intended to harm others 

• Physical 

• Verbal 

• Relational 

• Cyberbullying 

what are kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral reasoning

• preconceived

• conventional

• postconventional

preconceived: substages

stage 1: might makes right: obey authority and avoid punishment

stage 2: look out for yourself; everyonie prioritizes their own needs. be nice to others so they are nice to you

conventional: substages

stage 3: good girl and nice boy: social approval

stage 4: law and order: everyone must be a dutiful and law abiding citizen

postconventional: substages

stage 5: social contract; obey because everyone benefits

stage 6: ethical principalsl your own values