Pharmacology Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering antianginals, diuretics, and antihypertensive drugs from lecture notes.

ANTIANGINALS

Drugs used to treat angina by dilating blood vessels and improving blood flow to the heart.

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

The circulation of blood throughout the body.

AFTERLOAD

The force against which the heart must pump blood.

REDUCED PRELOAD

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

ISCHEMIC ZONE

Area of the heart muscle that is not receiving enough blood or oxygen.

NITRATES

Medications that dilate blood vessels, reducing preload and afterload.

REDUCED VENOUS RETURN

Decrease in the amount of blood returning to the heart.

ARTERIOLES

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

VENOUS CAPACITANCE VESSELS

Blood vessels that can hold a large amount of blood.

Nitroglycerin

A nitrate medication used to treat angina, available in various forms such as sublingual tablets ,transdermal patches, sprays and ointments.

Adverse effects of Nitrates

Adverse effects of nitrates, including throbbing headache, dizziness, vertigo, and syncope.

DIURETICS

A class of drugs that increase urine production.

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

The study of kidney function, including electrolyte balance, plasma volume, and acid-base balance.

Diuretic

A substance that promotes diuresis, increasing urine production.

Osmotic Diuretic (mannitol)

A type of diuretic that shifts fluid from intracellular to extracellular space, used for glaucoma and cerebral edema.

Loop Diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide)

A potent diuretic that can cause hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypovolemia, hypotension, ototoxicity and hyperuricemia; examples include furosemide and bumetanide.

Thiazide Diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide)

A moderate diuretic that can cause Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hyperuricemia, Hypercalcemia; example is hydrochlorothiazide.

Potassium Sparing Diuretics (spironolactone)

A weak diuretic that can cause hyperkalemia; example is spironolactone.

Nursing Implications: Diuretics

Monitoring intake and output, potassium loss, weight, and vital signs when administering diuretics.

Hypertension

A condition characterized by high blood pressure.

Blood Pressure (Systolic and Diastolic)

The pressure in arteries when the heart beats (systolic) and when the heart rests between beats (diastolic); hypertension is typically defined as > 140/90 mmHg.

Essential Hypertension

Hypertension with no known cause.

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension caused by another medical condition.

Antihypertensive Drugs

Medications used to lower blood pressure.

Antihypertensive Drug Classes

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.

ACE Inhibitors

Inhibit ACE, decreasing SVR and SV.

ARBs

Block Angiotensin II Receptors, decreasing SVR and SV.

Alpha Blockers

Block Alpha Receptors, decreasing SVR.

Beta Blockers

Block Beta Receptors, decreasing HR, SV.

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)

Block Calcium Channels, decreasing SVR.

Diuretics

Facilitate Diuresis, decreasing SV.

Overview of Diuretics

Overview of Diuretics

THIAZIDES

Inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and Cl in the distal convoluted tubule, resulting in retention of water in the tubule.

BUMETANIDE, FUROSEMIDE, TORSEMIDE, ETHACRYNIC ACID

Inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl cotransport in the ascending loop of Henle, resulting in retention of Na+, Cl, and water in the tubule.

ANTIHYPERTENSIVES

Sports fans, to the super bowl of hypertension…

CA

Blocking for the cardiac team will be the calcium channel blockers…

BETA

The backup players for the cardiac team will be the beta-adrenergic blockers…

STEPPED-CARE APPROACH

A stepped approach to treatment of Chronic Hypertension

B-BLOCKERS: L

Blocks Beta Receptors in the Heart Causing: ↓ Heart Rate, ↓ Force of Contraction, ↓ Rate of A-V Conduction

ALPHA-ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS

ALPHA-ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS SIDE EFFECTS

ACE Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) forms angiotensin II & causes the arteries to narrow

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

ARBS lower blood pressure and increase blood to heart

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

Blocks calcium access to cells causing:↓ Contractility,↓ Conductivity of the heart,↓Demand for oxyge