World Diseases Exam 1

infectious disease

a disease caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites

infectious diseases are transferred from

person to person (direct)

pathogen

microbial agent that causes disease

noncommunicable disease

a disease not directly transmitted from person to person, often linked to genetics, environment, behavior or aging

examples of noncommunicable diseases

cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, and some mental health conditions

what are noncommunicable diseases also known as?

noninfectious diseases

zoonotic disease

an infection that spreads between animals and humans

germ theory

the idea that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases

vaccination

a method of stimulating immunity to prevent disease

antimicrobial resistance

the ability of microbes to resist medicines designed to kill or control them

One Health

a collaborative approach recognizing the connection between human, animal, and environmental health

disease

a harmful condition that disrupts the normal structure or function of the body; has signs or symptoms

examples of zoonotic diseases

rabies, influenza (certain strains), ebola, covid

examples of genetic diseases

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, huntington’s disease, down syndrome

Early Human History Disease =

tuberculosis

Middle Ages Disease =

the Black Death (bubonic plague)

Renaissance Disease =

syphilis

18th Century Disease =

smallpox

Late 20th Century Disease =

HIV/AIDS

21st Century Disease =

COVID-19

How have epidemics and pandemics influenced social change?

can change population size, politics, labor systems, economics and culture

evidence of disease in early human history

tuberculosis in Egyptian mummies, malaria in early Chinese texts

Who i the father of Western Modern/Ancient Medicine?

HIppocrates

Hippocrates emphasized

careful observation, clinical signs, environment, diet, climate and lifestyle (not religious beliefs)

who came up with the terms epidemic and endemic?

Hippocrates

epidemic

diseases that occur in unusually large numers

endemic

a regularly present disease in a population or region

Where did Hippocrates record his theories?

Airs, Waters, and Places

What is the theory of the 4 Humors?

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

blood in the 4 humors

associated with a sanguine temperament/vitality

phlegm in the 4 humors

linked to calmness and a sluggish nature

yellow bile in the 4 humors

connected to choleric temperament and aggression

black bile in the 4 humors

related to a melancholic temperament and sadness

Who coined the term pandemic?

Galen

pandemic

diseases that can spread around the world

How did Rome contribute to public health?

public baths, sanitation, running water, aqueducts, sewers, latrines and military hospitals (Valetudinaria)

When was quarantine created?

14th century

How was quarantine created?

port cities required ships arriving to wait before passengers and good entered the city; came from Italian word for 40 days

When was syphilis treatment and quinine?

the Renaissance

When was the microscope discovered?

the 17th century

What did Robert Hooke do?

published Micrographia in 1665, used the term cells to describe small structures he observed

Who made the first microscope?

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek do?

made stronger lenses for microscopes and observed animalcules (bacteria and other microorganism)

When were vaccines discovered?

18th century

What is the one of the most successful public health tools in history?

vaccines

Who experimented with cowpox inoculation in 1796 that became the foundation for vaccines?

Dr. Edward Jenner

What did Louis Pasteur do?

showed that exposure to attenuated strains of bacteria conferred immunity to a disease without causing severe symptoms; alcoholic fermentation & pasteurization

What does attenuated mean?

weakened

What vaccines did Pasteur contribute to?

rabies, fowl cholera, and anthrax

What is the spontaneous generation?

the theory that microbes can arise spontaneously through miasma/polluted air

Who demonstrated the statistical significance of mortality due to infectious disease?

Florence Nightingale in 1855-1856

What did Robert Koch develop?

the first scientific method for establishing the microbial cause of a disease; strengthened germ theory that specific pathogens = specific diseases

What did Koch postulate?

there’s a link between a pathogen and a disease

Who suggested the use of antiseptics?

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Who applied germ theory to surgery by using antiseptic techniques (treating instruments to prevent transmission)?

Joseph Lister

What decade was Lister?

1860s

Who are the Big 3 for germ theory?

Pasteur, Kock, and Lister

When were antibiotics discovered?

the 20th century

Who was Maurice Hilleman?

man who saved millions, contributed to over 40 vaccines, measles, Hep A + B, meningitis, pneumonia, hemophilus influenzae, chicken pox

Who is credited with the inactivated polio vaccine?

Jonas Salk

Who is credited with the oral attenuated polio vaccine?

Albert Sain

When were antibiotics discovered?

1928 with penicillin

Who discovered penicillium?

Alexander Fleming when he noticed a mold growing in one of his cultures killed the bacteria around it

Penicillium is a

fungi

Who created (purified and produced and treated patients with) penicillin?

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

What year were viruses discovered and by who?

1935, Wendell Stanley with discovery of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

What was TMV’s genetic material?

RNA

Viruses are

noncellular agents of disease

When was the first case of HIV/AIDS?

1981

How is HIV/AIDS treated?

antiretroviral therapy

When was smallpox officially eradicated?

1980

What are examples of modern molecular biology?

discovery of DNA structure, PCR testing, genome sequencing, bioinformatics

What are challenges to modern disease response measures?

global travel, climate change, misinformation, antimicrobial resistance, noncommunicable diseases

What are the core 4 NCDs?

cardiovascular disease, cancers, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses

What are the major classes of microorganisms?

bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae, and protozoans

What does prokaryotic mean?

no true nucleus or nuclear membrane, includes bacteria and algae

What does eukaryotic mean?

has a true nucleus and includes some types of fungi, protozoa, and algae

Microorganisms are

ubiquitous

Microorganisms can be both…

beneficial and harmful to humans

Where are microorganisms found in the body?

skin, mouth, uro-gential tract, and digestive system

How many human and microbial cells does the body have?

10 trillion human cells but 100 trillion microbial cells

What can microbes influence?

mood, behavior, diseases, and mental illnesses

Why are microorganisms important?

oldest form of life, largest mass of living material on earth, carry out major processed for biogeochemical cycles, can live in places unsuitable for other organisms, other life forms require them to survive

Which microbe added oxygen to the atmosphere around 2 billion years ago?

cyanobacteria

What are the propertiesof all microbial cells?

metabolism, growth, and evolution

What is the metabolism property of cells?

cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes

What is the growth property of microbial cells?

nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells

what is the evolution property of microbial cells?

cells evolve to display new properties

What does a phylogenetic tree do?

capture evolutionary relations

What are properties of some microbial cells?

differentiation, communication, genetic exchange, and motility

What is the differentiation property?

some cells can form new cell structures such as spores

What is the communication property?

cells interact with each other by chemical messengers

What is the genetic exchange property?

cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms

What is the motility property?

some cells are capable of self-propulsion through a flagellum

What are characteristics of bacteria?

single-celled prokaryotic organisms with no nucleus and are diverse in shape and size

What are the three types of bacteria?

coccus, rod, and spirillum

What is an example of a coccus bacteria?

staphyolococcus

What is an example of a rod bacteria?

Escherichia (E. coli)

How does bacteria reproduce?

binary fission

What are the two classifications of bacteria?

gram +ve and gram -ve