AP Euro Chapter 13

Martin Luther

Wrote 95 Theses, translated the Bible to German, and led the Reformation. Married Katharina von Bora; allied with Frederick the Wise; opposed Pope Leo X, Emperor Charles V, and Ulrich Zwingli.

Johann Tetzel

Sold church indulgences to build St. Peter's Basilica. Opposed by Martin Luther.

Pope Leo X

Issued the papal bull threatening to excommunicate Martin Luther. Main religious enemy of Martin Luther.

Emperor Charles V

Ruled the Holy Roman Empire, fought Protestants, and called the Diet of Worms. Nephew of Catherine of Aragon; father of Philip II; rival of Francis I and the Schmalkaldic League.

Frederick the Wise

Elector of Saxony who fake-kidnapped and hid Luther in Wartburg Castle. Chief political ally of Martin Luther.

Ulrich Zwingli

Led the Swiss Reformation in Zurich and stripped churches of religious images. Allied with Swiss reformers; clashed with Martin Luther over communion.

John Calvin

Created Calvinism, governed Geneva, and introduced predestination. Influenced John Knox; executed religious rival Michael Servetus for heresy.

Michael Servetus

Spanish doctor who rejected the Trinity. Executed for heresy by John Calvin and Geneva leaders.

King Henry VIII

Broke from Rome, looted monasteries, and created the Church of England. Father of Mary I, Elizabeth I, and Edward VI; married 6 wives; allied with Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer.

Catherine of Aragon

First wife of Henry VIII and mother of Mary I. Her refusal to annul their marriage triggered the English Reformation; aunt of Emperor Charles V.

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I. Pushed Protestant ideas; executed for treason and adultery.

Thomas Cromwell

Chief minister who legally separated England from Rome and seized monastery wealth. Political ally of Henry VIII until he was executed.

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury who authored the Book of Common Prayer. Religious ally of Henry VIII and Edward VI; burned at the stake by Mary I.

Thomas More

Scholar, author of Utopia, and Lord Chancellor who defended Catholicism. Friend turned victim of Henry VIII, who executed him for refusing the split from Rome.

King Edward VI

Young son of Henry VIII who made the Church of England fully Protestant. Supported by Thomas Cranmer.

Queen Mary I ("Bloody Mary")

Restored Catholicism in England and burned hundreds of Protestants. Daughter of Henry VIII; married her political and religious ally, King Philip II of Spain.

Queen Elizabeth I

Established the Elizabethan Settlement and defeated the Spanish Armada. Daughter of Henry VIII; rival of Philip II of Spain; executed her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots.

King Philip II of Spain

Sent the Spanish Armada to invade England and fought Dutch Protestant rebels. Son of Charles V; husband of Mary I; enemy of Elizabeth I and William of Orange.

Pope Paul III

Launched the Catholic Counter-Reformation, called the Council of Trent, and created the Roman Inquisition.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) to build schools and stop Protestantism. Spiritual leader allied with the Pope.

Teresa of Ávila

Reformed the Carmelite order, wrote mystical spiritual books, and revived Catholic devotion.

King Henry II of France

French ruler whose accidental death in a jousting match triggered decades of French civil wars. Father of three weak kings; husband of Catherine de' Medici.

Catherine de' Medici

Queen of France who manipulated noble families and ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Widow of Henry II; mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III.

Henry of Navarre (King Henry IV)

Huguenot leader who survived the massacre, inherited the throne, converted to Catholicism, and issued the Edict of Nantes. Husband of Margaret of Valois; ally of French Protestants.

Duke of Alva

Spanish general who ran the brutal "Council of Blood" to crush Dutch rebels. Sent by King Philip II; enemy of William of Orange.

William of Orange

Led the Protestant Dutch revolt against Spanish rule. Enemy of Philip II and the Duke of Alva.

Posting of the 95 Theses (1517)

Luther nailed his arguments against indulgences to a church door, sparking the Reformation.

Diet of Worms (1521)

Assembly where Luther refused to take back his writings before Emperor Charles V.

German Peasants' War (1525)

Peasant revolt for social freedom, violently crushed after Luther denounced it.

Marburg Colloquy (1529)

Meeting between Luther and Zwingli that failed to unite Protestants over communion disagreements.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Law that officially made King Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England.

Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-1541)

Henry VIII shut down Catholic monasteries and seized their massive wealth.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Catholic council that ended internal corruption but kept all core Catholic doctrines.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Treaty letting each German prince choose if his territory was Catholic or Lutheran.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Catholic mob attack in Paris that slaughtered thousands of French Protestants.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

Failed Spanish naval invasion of England wrecked by fast ships and severe storms.

European Witch Panic (1580s-1660s)

Period of mass hysteria where thousands of marginalized women were tried and executed.

The 95 Theses

Written by Luther to attack indulgences and state that faith alone brings salvation.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Written by Calvin to define Reformed theology and predestination.

1547 Ordinances in Calvin's Geneva

City laws that banned gambling, drinking, dancing, and missing church.

Book of Common Prayer

Written by Cranmer to establish English language prayers and rituals.

Elizabethan Injunctions About Religion

Royal orders enforcing Protestant practices and loyalty to Elizabeth I.

The Index of Prohibited Books

Catholic list of banned texts that forbade reading Protestant or heretical works.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree by Henry IV granting French Protestants freedom of worship and ending religious civil wars.