Biology

the host creates an immunological memory after exposure to a pathogen

adaptive immunity

complex network of different cellular actions and signals allowing an organism to defend itself against a pathogen

Immune systema

Based on input and output immunity

immune system

it transmit information

chemical signals

recognizes and protects the organisms against pathogen

immune system

dysfunction of the immune system can cause

autoimmune system

Types of immunity

innate and adaptive

inherited and acquired

innate and adaptive

innate immune system refers to blank defense mechanisms

nonspecific

the adaptive immune system is blank and considered more complex

antigen specific

the blank includes a memory process

adaptive immune system

plants are protected from infection by

skin

specifically recognize pathogen

active plant immune system

all animals exhibit

nonspecific immune system

vertebrates exhibit

specific immune system

Plant cell possess

PRR

PRR recognize

PAMP/MAMP and PTI

found on the surface of a pathogen which invade the cell

PAMP/MAMP

it is activated when pathogen effector molecules secreted by pathogen get inside the cell

R gene

effector molecules are detected by

sensing protein or NB LRR

activate the resistance protein

NB LRR

plants are capable of a systematic response to a pathogen or pest attack

systematic acquired response

the active ingredient in aspirin

salicylic acid

the gene for gene response

plant defense responses

three basic lines of defense

surface barrières, nonspecific, specific

recognizes invaders by their antigens

immune system

it has its own specific antigen

cell or substance

a persons cell carry

self antigens

invading germs carry

non self antigens

designed to identify cells with non self antigens

immune system

most immune cells release

cytokines

ensures that a plant or animal species does not disappear from Earth

The process of reproduction

two methods by which living things reproduce

asexual or sexual

allows for a living thing to reproduce without another member of its species

Asexual reproduction

requires genetic material from two different members of the species, usually but not always, a male and a female

Sexual reproduction

is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots, and stem.

Vegetative Propagation

involves new plants growing from small parts of the parent plant that fall to the ground

Fragmentation

is generally limited to invertebrates

Asexual reproduction

occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction in animals

is applied to instances in which an organism appears to split itself into two parts and, if necessary, regenerate the missing parts of each new organism.

Fission

is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a separation of the "bud" from the original organism and the formation of two individuals, one smaller than the other.

Budding

u  occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as hydras and corals.

Budding

is the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation, and the parts are big enough, a separate individual will regrow from each part

Fragmentation

is a form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into an individual without being fertilized.

Parthenogenesis

genetically identical offspring are called

clones