Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Evolutionary Agents

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Allele frequencies remain constant without evolutionary change.

Genotype Frequency

Percentage of individuals with a specific genotype.

Allele Frequency

Percentage of all gene copies carrying a specific allele.

Genetic Variation

Differences in DNA among individuals in a population.

Phenotype

Observable traits resulting from genotype and environment.

Microevolution

Small-scale evolutionary changes within a population.

Population Genetics

Study of genetic variation within populations.

Null Model

Hypothetical genetic makeup if no evolution occurs.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

State where allele frequencies remain unchanged.

Mendelian Segregation

Separation of alleles during gamete formation.

Recombination

Mixing of parental alleles during meiosis.

Agents of Evolution

Factors causing changes in allele frequencies.

Natural Selection

Process where advantageous traits increase survival.

Gene Flow

Movement of alleles between populations.

Mutation

Change in DNA sequence leading to genetic diversity.

Infinite Population Size

Assumption for Hardy-Weinberg; very large populations.

Allele Distribution

How common or rare alleles are in a population.

Incomplete Dominance

Phenotype blending of two alleles in heterozygotes.

Snapdragon Example

Illustration of incomplete dominance in flower color.

p and q

Symbols representing allele frequencies in a population.

Genotype Distribution

How different genotypes are represented in a population.

Allele Frequency Calculation

Total alleles divided by total gametes in population.

p², 2pq, q²

Formulas predicting genotype frequencies in offspring.

C locus

Specific gene location used in Hardy-Weinberg examples.

Equilibrium Conditions

Five conditions must be met for Hardy-Weinberg.

Genetic Makeup

Composition of alleles in a population.

Evolution Measurement

Changes in allele frequencies over time.

H-W Equilibrium

Condition where allele frequencies remain constant.

F1 Generation

First generation of offspring from parental generation.

Selection

Process favoring certain alleles over others.

Deleterious Mutation

Harmful mutation affecting organism's survival.

Lethal Mutation

Mutation causing death of the organism.

Neutral Mutation

Mutation with no effect on fitness.

Advantageous Mutation

Mutation providing a survival benefit.

Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies.

Population Bottleneck

Drastic reduction in population size affecting alleles.

Founder Effect

Genetic differences from a small founding population.

Relative Fitness

Contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

Directional Selection

Selection favoring one extreme phenotype.

Stabilizing Selection

Selection favoring intermediate phenotypes.

Disruptive Selection

Selection favoring extreme phenotypes over intermediates.

Snapdragons

Example organism used to illustrate H-W principle.

E. coli Experiment

Study tracking mutations over 50,000 generations.

Catastrophic Factors

Events causing population bottlenecks.

Kākāpō Recovery

Conservation effort for the endangered Kākāpō species.

Selection Pressure

Environmental factors influencing survival and reproduction.

Phenotypic Spectrum

Range of observable traits in a population.

Reproductive Success

Number of offspring produced by an individual.