AP Biology Review Flashcards

Flashcards about Cell Communication, Cell Cycle, Bioenergetics, Chemistry of Life, Cell Structure and Function, and Genetics.

What is Taxis?

Movement in response to a stimulus; chemotaxis is the chemical variant.

What are the three steps of signal transduction?

1. Signaling molecule binds to receptor. 2. Activation of the pathway. 3. Production of a cellular response.

What are some examples of receptors?

Ligand-gated channels, enzyme-linked, or G-protein-linked.

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?

Negative feedback inhibits using the end product, while positive feedback stimulates itself.

What are the stages of Interphase?

G1 (growth), S phase (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for mitosis).

What controls cell cycle regulation?

Checkpoints and proteins (cyclins, CDKs).

What are the four stages of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Produce identical daughter cells and maintain chromosome number for growth and repair.

What processes use mitosis?

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy transfer leads to greater disorder (entropy), requiring energy input to sustain cellular order.

What is an exergonic reaction?

Products have less energy than reactants and release energy.

What is an endergonic reaction?

Products have more energy than reactants and absorb energy.

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

How can enzyme activity be regulated?

Competitive or noncompetitive inhibition

What does photosynthesis do?

Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy.

What processes comprise cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

What is anaerobic respiration?

Occurs in the absence of oxygen, resulting in a lower ATP yield.

What are the major elements essential for life?

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N).

What are the charges of subatomic particles?

Protons are positively charged, neutrons are uncharged, and electrons are negatively charged.

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons, and covalent bonds are established by sharing electrons.

What properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds?

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

What are the classifications of acidity in solutions?

Acidic (high H+ concentration), basic (high OH- concentration), or neutral (pH 7).

What is the formula for pH?

pH = -log [H+]

What are the Organic Molecules vital for life?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell is the basic unit of life.

Which structure regulates what enters and exits the cell?

Plasma Membrane

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole; do not have centrioles.

What is diffusion?

Movement down a concentration gradient.

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a membrane.

What is active transport?

Movement against a gradient using ATP.

What is Endocytosis?

Engulfing particles too large to pass through.

What is Exocytosis?

Expelling waste or secretion products by vesicle fusion with the membrane.

What is difference between Haploids and Diploids?

Diploid cells have two complete sets of chromosomes (2n), while haploid cells have just one set (n).

What did Gregor Mendel discover about genetics?

Traits are determined by discrete units called genes, located at specific positions, or loci, on chromosomes.

What is the Law of Segregation?

During gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait segregate so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

Genes for different traits assort independently during gamete formation

What does Non-Mendelian Genetics encompass?

Sex-linked traits and linked genes.

What is the process of meiosis?

Meiosis produces gametes through two sequential divisions, resulting in four genetically unique haploid cells.

What do traits that skip generations in pedigrees indicate?

Traits that appear to skip generations often indicate that they are recessive.