Reproductive Development and Obstetrics

Flashcards covering reproductive development, puberty, male and female anatomy, contraception, pregnancy milestones, and labor stages based on the lecture notes.

Gonads

The organs that produce sex cells, specifically the testes in men and the ovaries in women.

Chromosomal Composition of Conceptus

A fertilized ovum consisting of $22$ pairs of autosomes ($44$ total) and $1$ pair of sex chromosomes ($2$ total), resulting in $23$ pairs or $46$ total chromosomes.

Estrogen Types

Three forms of estrogen include $E1$ (Estrone), $E2$ (Estradiol), and $E3$ (Estriol).

Thelarche

The development of breasts, which is a secondary sexual characteristic in females.

Adrenarche

The growth of pubertal hair, which includes axillary, pubic, facial, and body hair.

Menarche

The onset of menstruation, occurring between the ages of $9$-$-17$ with an average age of $12 \frac{1}{2}$ years old.

Spermatogenesis

The production of sperm cells that starts at puberty and lasts a lifetime; it takes place in the seminiferous tubules under the influence of testosterone.

Hyaluronidase

An enzyme produced by sperm that dissolves the corona radiata to allow the sperm to enter the egg cell.

Monozygotic twins

Twins that come from one fertilized egg (one zygote) that splits completely to form identical siblings.

Dizygotic twins

Also known as fraternal twins, these occur when more than one egg is released and each is fertilized separately by different sperm.

Priapism

A persistent erection of the penis that can lead to penile ischemia and necrosis.

Sertoli Cells

Cells in the testes that produce Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP).

Leydig’s Cell

Cells in the testes that produce testosterone.

Doderlein bacilli

Also known as Lactobacilli, these represent the normal flora of the vagina that convert glycogen into lactic acid, maintaining a pH of $3.5$-$-4.5$.

Myometrium

The middle layer of the uterus and the main source of uterine contractions.

Endometrium

The inner layer of the uterus and the site of implantation, which typically occurs $8$-$-10$ days after fertilization.

Ampulla

The $5,cm$ long section of the fallopian tube that serves as the site of fertilization.

Corpus Luteum

The 'yellow body' that produces progesterone to provide a vascular supply to the endometrium; it serves as the placenta during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Ovulation Formula

Ovulation occurs $14$ days before the next menstruation begins, calculated as the total number of days in the cycle minus $14$.

Gynecoid Pelvis

A rounded pelvis type that is considered the most suitable birth canal.

Spinnbarkeit property

A characteristic of cervical mucus; if it is thin, watery, and stretchy, it indicates a fertile state.

Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)

A natural family planning method based on the principle that lactation suppresses ovulation, requiring exclusive breastfeeding and that the mother remains amenorrheic for the first $6$ months.

Umbilical Cord Composition

The 'lifeline' of the baby, approximately $21$ inches long, containing three blood vessels following the 'AVA' pattern (two arteries, one vein).

Oligohydramnios

An abnormal condition where the amount of amniotic fluid is below the normal range, indicating potential fetal kidney problems.

Quickening

Fetal movement felt by the mother, occurring around $18$-$-20$ weeks of gestation.

Chadwick Sign

A probable sign of pregnancy consisting of a bluish or purplish discoloration of the vagina.

Goodell Sign

A probable sign of pregnancy characterized by the softening of the cervix.

Naegele’s Rule

A formula to determine the Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD): subtract $3$ months and add $7$ days to the first day of the Last Menstrual Period (LMP).

Placenta Previa

Low implantation of the placenta, characterized by painless, bright red bleeding and a boggy or soft uterus.

Abruptio Placenta

The premature separation of a normally implanted placenta, characterized by painful, dark red bleeding and a rigid, board-like uterus.

Lochia Serosa

Postpartum vaginal discharge occurring on days $4$-$-10$, which is pinkish and contains blood, mucus, and white blood cells.