Midlands Rules Of Evidence

Rule 101. (a)

Scope.

These rules apply to proceedings in the courts of the State of Midlands. The specific courts and proceedings to which the rules apply, along with exceptions, are set out in Rule 1101. No bureaucratic organizations whose edicts govern conduct in Midlands are considered to exist unless specified within the case problem.

Rule 101. (b)(4)

Definitions:

In these rules: "record" includes a memorandum, report, or data compilation;

Rule 101. (b)(5)

Definitions:

In these rules: a "rule prescribed by the Midlands Supreme Court" means a rule adopted by the Midlands Supreme Court under statutory authority;

Rule 101. (b)(6)

Definitions:

In these rules: a reference to any kind of written material or any other medium includes electronically stored information.

Rule 102

Purpose:

These rules should be construed so as to administer every proceeding fairly, eliminate unjustifiable expense and delay, and promote the development of evidence law, to the end of ascertaining the truth and securing a just determination.

Rule 103. (a)

Rulings on Evidence

Preserving a Claim of Error.

A party may claim error in a ruling to admit or exclude evidence only if the error affects a substantial right of the party and: (1) if the ruling admits evidence, a party, on the record: (A) timely objects or moves to strike; and (B) states the specific ground, unless it was apparent from the context; or (2) if the ruling excludes evidence, a party informs the court of its substance by an offer of proof, unless the substance was apparent from the context.

Rule 103. (b)

Not Needing to Renew an Objection or Offer of Proof. Once the Court rules definitively on the record - either before or at trial - a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim of error for appeal

Rule 103. (d)

Preventing the Jury from Hearing Inadmissible Evidence. To the extent practicable, the court must conduct a jury trial so that inadmissible evidence is not suggested to the jury by any means

Rule 103. (e)

Taking Notice of Plain Error.

A court may take notice of a plain error affecting a substantial right, even if the claim of error was not properly preserved

Rule 104. (a)

Preliminary Questions

In General. The court must decide any preliminary question about whether a witness is qualified, a privilege exists, or evidence is admissible. In so deciding, the court is not bound by evidence rules, except those on privilege.

Rule 104. (b)

Preliminary Questions

Relevance That Depends on a Fact. When the relevance of evidence depends on whether a fact exists, proof must be introduced sufficient to support a finding that the fact does exist. The court may admit the proposed evidence on the condition that the proof be introduced later.

Rule 104. (e)

Evidence Relevant to Weight and Credibility.

This rule does not limit a party's right to introduce before the jury evidence that is relevant to the weight or credibility of other evidence.

Rule 106

Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements If a party introduces all or part of a writing or recorded statement, an adverse party may require the introduction, at that time, of any other part - or any other writing or recorded statement - that in fairness ought to be considered at the same time.

Rule 201. (a)

Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Scope.

This rule governs judicial notice of an adjudicative fact only, not a legislative fact.

Rule 201. (b)

Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Kinds of Facts That May Be Judicially Noticed. The court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court's territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.

Rule 201. (c)

Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Taking Notice.

The court: must take judicial notice if a party requests it and the court is supplied with the necessary information

Rule 201. (d)

Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Timing.

The court may take judicial notice at any stage of the proceeding.

Rule 201. (e)

Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Opportunity to Be Heard.

On timely request, a party is entitled to be heard on the propriety of taking judicial notice and the nature of the fact to be noticed. If the court takes judicial notice before notifying a party, the party, on request, is still entitled to be heard.

Rule 201. (f)

Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Instructing the Jury.

In a civil case, the court must instruct the jury to accept the noticed fact as conclusive. In a criminal case, the court must instruct the jury that it may or may not accept the noticed fact as conclusive.

Rule 301

Presumptions in Civil Actions Generally

In a civil case, unless a Midlands statute or these rules provide otherwise, the party against whom a presumption is directed has the burden of producing evidence to rebut the presumption. But this rule does not shift the burden of persuasion, which remains on the party who had it originally.

Rule 401. (a)

Test for Relevant Evidence

Evidence is relevant if: it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence

Rule 401. (b)

Test for Relevant Evidence

Evidence is relevant if: the fact is of consequence in determining the action.

Rule 402

General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence

Relevant evidence is admissible unless any of the following provides otherwise: • the United States Constitution; • these rules; or • other rules prescribed in Midlands. Irrelevant evidence is not admissible.

Rule 403

Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons

The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.

Rule 404. (a)(1)

Character Evidence

Prohibited Uses.

Evidence of a person's character or character trait is not admissible to prove that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character or trait.

Rule 404. (a)(2)(A)

Character Evidence

Exceptions for a Defendant or Victim in a Criminal Case.

The following exceptions apply in a criminal case:

A defendant may offer evidence of the defendant's pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admitted, the prosecutor may offer evidence to rebut it. In lieu of rebuttal witness availability, a defendant must first notify the court and opposing counsel in writing at the Captains' Meeting of the intention to offer such evidence. If such notice is given, the form included with these Rules of Evidence should be completed and presented to the judges with the ballots, and the prosecution may also offer such character evidence during its case-in-chief

Rule 404. (a)(2)(B)

Character Evidence

A defendant may offer evidence of an alleged victim's pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admitted, the prosecutor may: (i) offer evidence to rebut it; and (ii) offer evidence of the defendant's same trait.

In lieu of rebuttal witness availability, a defendant must first notify opposing counsel in writing at the Captains' Meeting of the intention to offer such evidence. If such notice is given, the form included with these Rules of Evidence should be completed and presented to the judges with the ballots, and the prosecution may also offer such character evidence during its case-in-chief.

Rule 404. (a)(2)(C)

Character Evidence

In a homicide case, the prosecutor may offer evidence of the alleged victim's trait of peacefulness to rebut evidence that the victim was the first aggressor

Rule 404. (a)(3)

Character Evidence

Exceptions for a Witness.

Evidence of a witness's character may be admitted under Rules 607, 608, and 609.

Rule 404. (b)(1)

Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts.

Prohibited Uses.

Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person's character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.

Rule 404. (b)(2)

Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts

Permitted Uses; Notice in a Criminal Case.

This evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. The prosecution in a criminal case shall provide written notice of such intent prior to witness selection in the Captains' Meeting.

Rule 405. (a)

Methods of Proving Character

By Reputation or Opinion.

When evidence of a person's character or character trait is admissible, it may be proved by testimony about the person's reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination of the character witness, the court may allow inquiry into relevant specific instances of the person's conduct.

Rule 405. (b)

Methods of Proving Character

By Specific Instances of Conduct.

When a person's character or character trait is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, the character or trait may also be proved by relevant specific instances of the person's conduct.

Rule 406

Habit; Routine Practice

Evidence of a person's habit or an organization's routine practice may be admitted to prove that on a particular occasion the person or organization acted in accordance with the habit or routine practice. The court may admit this evidence regardless of whether it is corroborated or whether there was an eyewitness.

Rule 407

Subsequent Remedial Measures

When measures are taken that would have made an earlier injury or harm less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to prove: • negligence; • culpable conduct; • a defect in a product or its design; or • a need for a warning or instruction. But the court may admit this evidence for another purpose, such as impeachment or - if disputed - proving ownership, control, or the feasibility of precautionary measures.

Rule 408. (a)(1)

Compromise Offers and Negotiations

Prohibited Uses.

Evidence of the following is not admissible - on behalf of any party - either to prove or disprove the validity or amount of a disputed claim or to impeach by a prior inconsistent statement or a contradiction: furnishing, promising, or offering - or accepting, promising to accept, or offering to accept - a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise the claim

Rule 408. (a)(2)

Compromise Offers and Negotiations

Prohibited Uses.

Evidence of the following is not admissible - on behalf of any party - either to prove or disprove the validity or amount of a disputed claim or to impeach by a prior inconsistent statement or a contradiction: conduct or a statement made during compromise negotiations about the claim - except when offered in a criminal case and when the negotiations related to a claim by a public office in the exercise of its regulatory, investigative, or enforcement authority.

Rule 408. (b)

Compromise Offers and Negotiations

Exceptions.

The court may admit this evidence for another purpose, such as proving a witness's bias or prejudice, negating a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution.

Rule 409

Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses

Evidence of furnishing, promising to pay, or offering to pay medical, hospital, or similar expenses resulting from an injury is not admissible to prove liability for the injury.

Rule 410. (a)

Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements

Prohibited Uses.

In a civil or criminal case, evidence of the following is not admissible against the defendant who made the plea or participated in the plea discussions: (1) a guilty plea that was later withdrawn; (2) a nolo contendere plea; (3) omitted; or (4) a statement made during plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting authority if the discussions did not result in a guilty plea or they resulted in a later-withdrawn guilty plea

Rule 410. (b)(1)

Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements

Exceptions.

The court may admit a statement described in Rule 410(a)(3) or (4): in any proceeding in which another statement made during the same plea or plea discussions has been introduced, if in fairness the statements ought to be considered together

Rule 410. (b)(2)

Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements

Exceptions.

The court may admit a statement described in Rule 410(a)(3) or (4): in a criminal proceeding for perjury or false statement, if the defendant made the statement under oath, on the record and with counsel present.

Rule 411

Liability Insurance

Evidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible to prove whether the person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully. But the court may admit this evidence for another purpose, such as proving a witness's bias or prejudice or proving agency, ownership, or control.

Rule 501

Privileges in General

Only privileges granted by a statute of the state of Midlands or by Midlands case law shall be recognized.

Rule 601

Competency to Testify in General

Every person is competent to be a witness unless these rules provide otherwise.

Rule 602

Need for Personal Knowledge

A witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Evidence to prove personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness's own testimony. This rule is subject to the provisions of Rule 703, relating to opinion testimony by expert witnesses.

Rule 603

Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully

Before testifying, a witness shall be presumed to have been sworn in, by an oath or affirmation to testify truthfully administered in a form designed to impress that duty on the witness's conscience.

Rule 605

Judge's Competency as a Witness

The presiding judge may not testify as a witness at the trial. A party need not object to preserve the issue.

Rule 607

Who May Impeach a Witness

Any party, including the party that called the witness, may attack the witness's credibility.

Rule 608. (a)

A Witness's Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness

Reputation or Opinion Evidence.

A witness's credibility may be attacked or supported by testimony about the witness's reputation for having a character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or by testimony in the form of an opinion about that character. But evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the witness's character for truthfulness has been attacked.

Rule 608. (b)

A Witness's Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness

Specific Instances of Conduct.

Except for a criminal conviction under Rule 609, extrinsic evidence is not admissible to prove specific instances of a witness's conduct in order to attack or support the witness's character for truthfulness. But the court may, on cross-examination, allow them to be inquired into if they are probative of the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of: (1) the witness; or (2) another witness whose character the witness being cross-examined has testified about.

Rule 609. (a)(1)

Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction

In General.

The following rules apply to attacking a witness's character for truthfulness by evidence of a criminal conviction: for a crime that, in the convicting jurisdiction, was punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year, the evidence: (A) must be admitted, subject to Rule 403, in a civil case or in a criminal case in which the witness is not a defendant; and (B) must be admitted in a criminal case in which the witness is a defendant, if the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to that defendant; and

Rule 609. (a)(2)

Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction

In General.

The following rules apply to attacking a witness's character for truthfulness by evidence of a criminal conviction: for any crime regardless of the punishment, the evidence must be admitted if the court can determine that establishing the elements of the crime required proving - or the witness's admitting - a dishonest act or false statement.

Rule 609. (b)

Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction

Limit on Using the Evidence After 10 Years.

This subdivision applies if more than 10 years have passed since the witness's conviction or release from confinement for it, whichever is later. Evidence of the conviction is admissible only if: (1) its probative value, supported by specific facts and circumstances, substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect; and (2) the proponent gives an adverse party reasonable written notice of the intent to use it so that the party has a fair opportunity to contest its use.

Rule 609. (c)

Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction

Effect of a Pardon, Annulment, or Certificate of Rehabilitation.

Evidence of a conviction is not admissible if: (1) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, certificate of rehabilitation, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding that the person has been rehabilitated, and the person has not been convicted of a later crime punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year; or (2) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding of innocence

Rule 609. (d)

Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction

Juvenile Adjudications.

Evidence of a juvenile adjudication is admissible under this rule only if: (1) it is offered in a criminal case; (2) the adjudication was of a witness other than the defendant; (3) an adult's conviction for that offense would be admissible to attack the adult's credibility; and (4) admitting the evidence is necessary to fairly determine guilt or innocence.

Rule 609. (e)

Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction

Pendency of an Appeal.

A conviction that satisfies this rule is admissible even if an appeal is pending. Evidence of the pendency is also admissible.

Rule 610

Religious Beliefs or Opinions

Evidence of a witness's religious beliefs or opinions is not admissible to attack or support the witness's credibility.

Rule 611. (b)

Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence

Scope of Examinations.

The initial cross examination is not limited to matters discussed on direct examination. Re-direct and re-cross examination are permitted. But any re-direct or re-cross examination may not go beyond the subject matter of the examination immediately preceding it and matters affecting the witness's credibility

Rule 611. (c)

Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence

Leading Questions.

Leading questions should not be used on direct examination except as necessary to develop the witness's testimony. Ordinarily the court should allow leading questions: (1) on cross- examination; and (2) when a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party.

Rule 612

Writing Used to Refresh a Witness's Memory

A witness may use any material provided by AMTA to refresh memory either during or prior to giving testimony.

Rule 613. (a)

Witness's Prior Statement

Showing or Disclosing the Statement During Examination.

When examining a witness about the witness's prior statement, a party need not show it or disclose its contents to the witness. But the party must, on request, show it or disclose its contents to an adverse party's attorney

Rule 613. (b)

Witness's Prior Statement

Extrinsic Evidence of a Prior Inconsistent Statement. Extrinsic evidence of a witness's prior inconsistent statement is admissible only if the witness is given an opportunity to explain or deny the statement and an adverse party is given an opportunity to examine the witness about it, or if justice so requires. This subdivision (b) does not apply to an opposing party's statement under Rule 801(d)(2).

Rule 614

Court's Calling or Examining a Witness

Calling and/or examining of a witness by the court is not allowed.

Rule 615

Excluding Witnesses.

At a party's request, the court must order witnesses constructively excluded so that they cannot hear other witnesses' testimony. But this rule does not authorize constructively excluding: (a) a party who is a natural person; (b) an officer or employee of a party that is not a natural person, after being designated as the party's representative; (c) omitted; or (d) a person authorized by a statute provided in the case materials to be present.

Rule 701

Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses

If a witness is not testifying as an expert, testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to one that is: (a) rationally based on the witness's perception; (b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness's testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.

Rule 702

Testimony by Expert Witnesses

A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:

(a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;

(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;

(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and

(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case

Rule 703

Bases of an Expert's Opinion Testimony

An expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed. If experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted. But if the facts or data would otherwise be inadmissible, the proponent of the opinion may disclose them to the jury only if their probative value in helping the jury evaluate the opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect

Rule 704. (a)

Opinion on an Ultimate Issue

In General - Not Automatically Objectionable.

An opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate issue.

Rule 704. (b)

Opinion on an Ultimate Issue

Exception.

In a criminal case, an expert witness must not state an opinion about whether the defendant did or did not have a mental state or condition that constitutes an element of the crime charged or of a defense. Those matters are for the trier of fact alone.

Rule 705

Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert's Opinion

Unless the court orders otherwise, an expert may state an opinion - and give the reasons for it - without first testifying to the underlying facts or data. But the expert may be required to disclose those facts or data on cross-examination.

Rule 801. (a)

Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay

Statement.

"Statement" means a person's oral assertion, written assertion, or nonverbal conduct, if the person intended it as an assertion.

Rule 801. (b)

Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay

Declarant.

"Declarant" means the person who made the statement.

Rule 801. (c)

Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay

Hearsay.

"Hearsay" means a statement that:

(1) the declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial or hearing; and

(2) a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.

Rule 801. (d)(1)

Statements That Are Not Hearsay.

A statement that meets the following conditions is not hearsay: (1) A Declarant-Witness's Prior Statement. The declarant testifies and is subject to crossexamination about a prior statement, and the statement:

(A) is inconsistent with the declarant's testimony and was given under penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding or in a deposition;

(B) is consistent with the declarant's testimony and is offered to rebut an express or implied charge that the declarant recently fabricated it or acted from a recent improper influence or motive in so testifying; or

(C) identifies a person as someone the declarant perceived earlier.

Rule 801. (d)(2)

Statements That are Not Hearsay:

An Opposing Party's Statement. The statement is offered against an opposing party and:

(A) was made by the party in an individual or representative capacity;

(B) is one the party manifested that it adopted or believed to be true;

(C) was made by a person whom the party authorized to make a statement on the subject;

(D) was made by the party's agent or employee on a matter within the scope of that relationship and while it existed; or

(E) was made by the party's coconspirator during and in furtherance of the conspiracy.

Rule 802

The Rule Against Hearsay

Hearsay is not admissible unless any of the following provides otherwise: • these rules; or • other rules prescribed by the Midlands Supreme Court.

Rule 803.

Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay - Regardless of Whether the Declarant Is Available as a Witness The following are not excluded by the rule against hearsay, regardless of whether the declarant is available as a witness:

Rule 803. (1)

Present Sense Impression.

A statement describing or explaining an event or condition, made while or immediately after the declarant perceived it

Rule 803. (2)

Excited Utterance.

A statement relating to a startling event or condition, made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement that it caused.

Rule 803. (3)

Then-Existing Mental, Emotional, or Physical Condition.

A statement of the declarant's then-existing state of mind (such as motive, intent, or plan) or emotional, sensory, or physical condition (such as mental feeling, pain, or bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the validity or terms of the declarant's will.

Rule 803. (4)

Statement Made for Medical Diagnosis or Treatment.

A statement that:

(A) is made for - and is reasonably pertinent to - medical diagnosis or treatment; and (

B) describes medical history; past or present symptoms or sensations; their inception; or their general cause.

Rule 803. (5)

Recorded Recollection.

A record that:

(A) is on a matter the witness once knew about but now cannot recall well enough to testify fully and accurately; (B) was made or adopted by the witness when the matter was fresh in the witness's memory; and

(C) accurately reflects the witness's knowledge. If admitted, the record may be read into evidence but may be received as an exhibit only if offered by an adverse party

Rule 803. (6)

Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity.

A record of an act, event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis if:

(A) the record was made at or near the time by - or from information transmitted by - someone with knowledge;

(B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling, whether or not for profit;

(C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity;

(D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that complies with Rule 902(11) or (12) or with a statute permitting certification; and

(E) neither the source of information nor the method or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.

Rule 803. (7)

Absence of a Record of Regularly Conducted Activity. Evidence that a matter is not included in a record described in paragraph (6) if:

(A) the evidence is admitted to prove that the matter did not occur or exist;

(B) a record was regularly kept for a matter of that kind; and

(C) neither the possible source of the information nor other circumstances indicate a lack of trustworthiness.

Rule 803. (8)(A)

Public Records.

A record or statement of a public office if: it sets out:

(i) the office's activities;

(ii) a matter observed while under a legal duty to report, but not including, in a criminal case, a matter observed by law-enforcement personnel; or

(iii) in a civil case or against the government in a criminal case, factual findings from a legally authorized investigation;

Rule 803. (8)(B)

Public Records.

A record or statement of a public office if

neither the source of information nor other circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Rule 803. (9)

Public Records of Vital Statistics.

A record of a birth, death, or marriage, if reported to a public office in accordance with a legal duty.

Rule 803. (10)

Absence of a Public Record. Testimony

- or a certification under Rule 902 - that a diligent search failed to disclose a public record or statement if the testimony or certification is admitted to prove that: (A) the record or statement does not exist; or

(B) a matter did not occur or exist, if a public office regularly kept a record or statement for a matter of that kind.

Rule 803. (11)

Records of Religious Organizations Concerning Personal or Family History.

A statement of birth, legitimacy, ancestry, marriage, divorce, death, relationship by blood or marriage, or similar facts of personal or family history, contained in a regularly kept record of a religious organization.

Rule 803. (12)

Certificates of Marriage, Baptism, and Similar Ceremonies.

A statement of fact contained in a certificate:

(A) made by a person who is authorized by a religious organization or by law to perform the act certified;

(B) attesting that the person performed a marriage or similar ceremony or administered a sacrament; and

(C) purporting to have been issued at the time of the act or within a reasonable time after it.

Rule 803. (13)

Family Records.

A statement of fact about personal or family history contained in a family record, such as a Bible, genealogy, chart, engraving on a ring, inscription on a portrait, or engraving on an urn or burial marker.

Rule 803. (14)

Records of Documents That Affect an Interest in Property.

The record of a document that purports to establish or affect an interest in property if:

(A) the record is admitted to prove the content of the original recorded document, along with its signing and its delivery by each person who purports to have signed it;

(B) the record is kept in a public office; and

(C) a statute authorizes recording documents of that kind in that office.

Rule 803. (15)

Statements in Documents That Affect an Interest in Property.

A statement contained in a document that purports to establish or affect an interest in property if the matter stated was relevant to the document's purpose - unless later dealings with the property are inconsistent with the truth of the statement or the purport of the document.

Rule 803. (16)

Statements in Ancient Documents.

A statement in a document that is at least 20 years and whose authenticity is established.

Rule 803. (17)

Market Reports and Similar Commercial Publications. Market quotations, lists, directories, or other compilations that are generally relied on by the public or by persons in particular occupations.

Rule 803. (18)(A)

Statements in Learned Treatises, Periodicals, or Pamphlets.

A statement contained in a treatise, periodical, or pamphlet if:

the statement is called to the attention of an expert witness on cross-examination or relied on by the expert on direct examination;

Rule 803. (18)(B)

Statements in Learned Treatises, Periodicals, or Pamphlets.

A statement contained in a treatise, periodical, or pamphlet if:

the publication is established as a reliable authority by the expert's admission or testimony, by another expert's testimony, or by judicial notice. If admitted, the statement may be read into evidence but not received as an exhibit.

Rule 803. (19)

Reputation Concerning Personal or Family History.

A reputation among a person's family by blood, adoption, or marriage - or among a person's associates or in the community - concerning the person's birth, adoption, legitimacy, ancestry, marriage, divorce, death, relationship by blood, adoption, or marriage, or similar facts of personal or family history.

Rule 803. (20)

Reputation Concerning Boundaries or General History. A reputation in a community - arising before the controversy - concerning boundaries of land in the community or customs that affect the land, or concerning general historical events important to that community, state, or nation.