week 1 Human Body Tissues and Medical Imaging Techniques

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to human body tissues, anatomical planes, and medical imaging techniques discussed in the lecture.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that serves as a protective layer and is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation.

Connective Tissue

A tissue that supports, binds together, and protects tissues and organs of the body, providing structural support.

Sagittal Plane

Sagittal plane: vertical plane that divides the body into left and right movements, such as flexion/ extension and elevation and depression. The plane of movement is around the mediolateral/ coronal axis

Midsagittal: divides into equal sides

Parasagittal: divides into unequal sides

Coronal Plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Movements like abduction, adduction, and lateral flexion are in the frontal plane around the anteroposterior/ sagittal axis

Transverse Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Movements like internal and external rotations, and pronation and supination, are in the transverse plane around the longitudinal axis

Oblique Plane

A plane that passes through the body at any angle other than 90 degrees.

Circumduction

A circular movement performed at joints, involving multiple planes and axes.

X-ray

uses ionising radiation; the amount of X-ray that is absorbed depends on the density of the tissue it's going through. The dense the tissue the whiter it appears on the image.

When is X-ray used: bone, structure of different densities that are next to each other eg, lungs and air

Lateral Projection

An X-ray projection where the beam travels through the side of the body.

PA Projection

An X-ray projection where the beam travels from the posterior to anterior part of the body.

AP Projection

An X-ray projection where the beam travels from the anterior to posterior part of the body.

Risks of X-ray

Includes exposure to radiation, which poses higher risks to pregnant women and children.

X-ray advantages:

-          Cheap

-          Quick

-          Mobile

X-ray disadvantages:

-          Limited details provided by the image

-          Some risks of radiation

-          Static only

CT Scan

uses ionising radiation, takes images from different angles, computer then reconstructs the images into multi-slices that can be reformatted into multiple planes

When is it used: diagnostic tool, monitoring in oncology

CT advantages:

-          Quick

-          Good details

-          Accessible

CT disadvantages:

-          Radiation dose

-          Patient cooperation in sitting still

Ultrasound

uses sound waves to create an image. NO ionising radiation, a transducer probe transmits the sound wave, then records the echo it receives back

When is it used: for assessing structures like the liver, kidney, muscles it also provides a dynamic assessment not just static

US advantages:

-          Safe  very safe and used for pregnancy and kids

-          Accessible

-          Cheaper than CT, MRI

-          Both dynamic and static images

US disadvantages:

-          Limitation with the use of sound waves

-          Cooperation of the patient

MRI

uses magnetic fields.

1.      When the body is is placed in a strong magnetic field, all protons align with the magnetic field

2.      Radio waves are transmitted to briefly disrupt the alignment of the protons

3.      The protons return to be aligned with the magnetic field, but the rate at which they realign is different for each body tissue

4.      This info can be used to make an image

When is it used: MRI provides very good details of soft tissue, brain, and spine

Echogenic Lines

Bright lines seen on ultrasound images that result from bone reflecting sound waves.

Disadvantages of MRI

-          Claustrophobia

-          Loud

-          Limited access

-          Time

-          Cost

MRI advantages:

-          Excellent details

-          No ionising radiation is good for kids

MRI Risks

metal, very strong magnet, not enough research on it with pregnancy