AP World Unit 4, Ch. 10 and 11 quiz materials

cape of good hope

southern tip of africa. first circumnavigated in 1488 by portuguese in search of direct route to india

christopher columbus

1451-1506. genoese captain in service of king and queen of castile and aragon. successfully sailed to new world and returned in 1492. initiated euro discoveries in americas. famously thought that the americas were india this idiot

ferdinand magellan

1480-1521. portuguese captain who in 1519 initiated first cicumnavigation of the globe. dieed during the voyage. allowed spain to claim philippines.

dutch east india company

joint stock company that obtained gov monopoly over trade in asia. acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.

british east india company

joint stock company that obtained gov monopoly over trade in india. acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.

lepanto

naval battle between the spanish and the ottoman empire resulting in a spanish victory in 1571.

core nations

nations, usually european, that enjoyed profit from the world econ. controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping. exported manufactured goods for raw materials.

mercantilism

economic theory that stressed gov's promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues. popular 17th and 18th centuries in europe

mestizos

people of mixed european and indian ancestry in mesoamerica and south america. particularly prevalent in areas colonized by sspain. often part of forced labor systems.

vasco de balboa

c. 1475-1519. first spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of mesoamerica in 1509, initial settlement eventually led to conquest of aztec and inca empires by other captains.

francisco pizarro

conquered inca 15th century - 16th century

new france

french colonies in north america. extended from st. lawrence river laong great lakes and down mississippi river valley system

seven years' war

fought in continental europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763. resulted in prussian seizures of land from austria, english seizures of colonies in india and noth america.

treaty of paris

arranged in 1763 following seven years' war. granted new france to england in exchange for return of french sugar islands in caribbean.

cape colony

dutch colony established at cape of good hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastla station for the dutch seaborne empire. by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with bantus.

boers

dutch settlers in cape colony, in southern africa

calcutta

headquarters of british east india company in bengal in indian subcontinent. located on ganges, captured in 1756 during early part of seven yeras' war. later became administrative center for all of bengal

How did Europe’s commercial revolution affect social structure? 

a wealthier merchant class and more peasant dissent, as well as a general increase in quality of life 

why was there price inflation in western europe in the sixteenth century?

• the import of gold and silver form latin american colonie

• more money available

  • production slow
    

impact of western euro inflation

• trading companies fomred

  • often state sponsored

  • etc: BEIC and DEIC

• merchants take more risks

how were peasents in europe impacted? 

they became richer and had a better quality of life as a whole

proletariat

working class people, no access to wealth producing property, product of growing commercialization in the west

impact of peasant rebellions in western eurobe in the 17th century?

• revealed ideas of equality and social tension

• increased thoughts of overthrowing gov

  • populism and more voices

witchcraft persecution

reflected resentment against the poor and uncertainty about religion. many deaths, common in protestant areas

what were the most innovative features of western science? 

scientific thought and methods as well as organization

sci rev

17th century, logic advances, changes specific beliefs and wider culture

nicolaus copernicus

heliocentric model, countered greek thought.

may have copied muslim, east asian, and american thought

johannes kepler

astronomer, three laws of planetary motion, optics, astrology

galileo galilei

published heliocentric, added gravity and planetary motion laws. condemned by catholic church 

william harvey (harvey hearts)

demonstrated circular movement of blood with heart at the center

francis bacon

empirical research, worked on sci method

rene descartes

importance of skepticism, human logic can make fundamental nature laws

isaac newton 

• principia mathematicia cleaned everything up

• three laws of motion

• laws of planetary motion

• vision of the whole universe

impact of the sci rev among educated west?

scientific institutes, witchcraft declines, belief of environmental control (scientific doctors, insurance, etc)

deism

sci rev idea of god, obeyed the laws of motion. god’s only purpose is to set natural laws in motion.

john locke

everyone can learn though senses and reason. faith is irrelevant.

did political changes push western society in new directions or mainly serve to catch up with the effective governments in asia? 

they pushed western society in different directions — the rise of nation states and absolutism was unheard of in asia and created a political climate that was distinct from asian structures.

absolute monarchy 

a concept of government, developed in seventeenth century western europe during the rise of naiton states, monarchs with laws w/o checks , professional armies, bureaucracies, state churhces, state economic policies 

feudal monarchy

balance between king and nobles from western politics in late postclassical, was dismantled by the 1600s

what was the strongest nation in the west during this time?

france

how did french kings continue to consolidate power during hte era of absolutism?

stopped having the parliament meet, passing laws they wanted, blew up castles of distant nobles with gunpowder, profesionalized the army, formally trained officers, grew the bureaucracy with lawyers and merchants, created miltiary hospitals and pensions 

louis xiv

famous french king, said “i am the state”. major patron of the arts, advanced government’s role in culture, encouraged science and standardized french language. versailles crazy palace

what additional functions did louis and his ministers develop for france?

reduced internal tariffs, reated state run manufacturing. mer

mercantilism

leading economic theory at the time, said govs should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenue and limit imports

how did absolute monarchs interact with mercantilism 

they set tariffs on imports, encouraged merchants in their states, increased colonialism for raw materials + a guaranteed market 

where did absolute monarchy spread to?

spain, central europe ce

central european expansion of absolutism

kings in prussia building absolutism + habsburg kings in austria hungary focused on control in their direct state although they also controlled the holy roman empire

habsburg rulers

austria hungary kings, ruled the holy roman empire, added hungary to theri domain, absolutism leaders

what two growing colonial and commercial powers stood apart from the trend of absolute monarchy in the 17th century?

netherlands and england

glorious revolution 

english overthrow of James II in 1688, impact → english parliament has power of the king on the basic level, parli doesn’t need king for them to meet. had the power of taxation and could summon itself. This marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy in England.

parliamentary monarchy

england and holland in the 17th century, monarchs partially checked by legislative power in parlis

nation states commonalities?

common culture and language, government should help the people, mercantilism, europe is politically divided unlike asia, war is a primary function trea

treaty of westphalia

a series of peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It marked the beginning of the modern state system by recognizing the sovereignty of states and establishing principles of territorial integrity.

how did the pace of change in europe accelerate by the 18th century? 

frederick the great

prussian king of the eighteenth century, tried to bring enlightenment reforms into germany, built on foundations of absolutism, and is known for his military successes and expansion of Prussia, claimed to be an enlgihtened despot, freedom of religion and economic control by the state

enlightened despots

very powerful rulers who claimed they had power for the good of their societies 

conflicts of the 18th century? 

fr/england sevven years war, austria/prussia fight for land, none devastating 

enlightenment

france centered intellectual revolution, scientific advances and application of sci methods to sutdy human society, rational laws can describe social behavior. social science progressed a lot, science barely changed

what did enlightenment criminologists say?

that brutal punishments failed to deter crime and rehabilitation through educaiton should be possible in a decent society

adam smith 

wrote the “wealth of nations”, a book with principles of economic behavior. advocated for competition and a lack of regulation from the government, that market forces would operate themselves. Smith argued for laissez-faire economics.

what was the greater trend in the enlightenment among all thinkers?

that human behavior’s general patterns could be derived from rational thought

denis diderot

wrote the encyclopedie, compiled sci and social sci knowledge, psych of deaf/mute ppl, and literature. french enlightenment leader, friend of other philosophers.

mary wollstonecraft

enlightenment feminist thinker in england, new pol rights should extend to women.

what kind of journals arose in the feminist enlightenment sphere? 

journals by women for women that argued for women’s rights

how did habits and beliefs of ordinary people change because of the new enlightenment ideas?

reading clubs and coffeehouses are more popularize,d discuss new ideas, wider audience for comiplaiton books

other changes in popular outlook?

individualism increases, each child has their own name now, physical discipline and swaddling decreases, education for children increases

changes in family life in enlightenment? 

women and children should be treated more equally, there should be love between family members, people want emotional bonds in marriage, less arranged marriages

what happened in regard to slavery in 1750?

enlightenment ideas of rationality and human worth developed resistance against hte institution of slavery in the american colonies

mass consumerism

the spread of large interest in material goods and services, a greater population of people being able to afford those things, and developing mostly in western europe in the eighteenth century

how did processed products interact with change? 

ordinary western europeans began to consume more processed things, whether it be sugar, coffee, and tea or it be clothing

signs of mass consumerism in western society

theft of clothing increases, paid professional entertainment, circuses,

how did agriculture change in the eighteenth century in western europe and what was the main impact?

better food supply and agricultural efficiency, meaning more labor for other things

as food production began to require less labor in the eighteenth century, how did the excess labor get used? 

the production of textiles and metal products, dokmestic system with households. workers run production and capitalist merchants give them supplies and orders. supurred important tech innovations ! w

what types of technological innovations arose out of the hosuehold textile and metal product model?

thing slike the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny, and printing of cotton cloth becoming mechanized

how were manufacturers different than artisans?

they organized productions and sales instead of doing their own work. they viewed workers as market commodities and less humanized, stopped socializing with them, moved work out of their homes.

how was the population doing in terms of numbers after about 1730 and why? 

agricultural shifts, commercialism and manufacturing created rapid population growht in the west. it continued into the nineteenth century. 

what were the three strands of change by 1750

the culutral, political, and commercial changes.

commercial revolution 

a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that lasted from the late 11th century until the early 18th century.