Exam 1

Human Reproduction and Sexual Behavior (Lectures 1-11) IMPORTANT: Idk if the first topic (history aspects) super relivant for the exam but it's there just in case !!

True or false?: Is there a huge variation in sex and reproductive strategies across animals?

True

Sex for procreation (SFP)

• historically common idea was that reproduction is only legitimate and moral reason for sex

• Sex became synonymous with penile-vaginal intercourse

True of false: Oral and anal sex was illegal in 10 states until 2003

True (sodomy laws)

Rigid male and female gender roles

• based on concept of gender binary - two genders

How did SFP develop?

Christians associated sex with sin —> celibacy & spirituality linked, superior to marriage (New Testament: included anger, selfishness, and… non-martial sex

Celibacy (old times)

unmarried, no intercourse

Celibacy (modern day)

simply no intercourse (marital status isn’t a factor)

Who declared that the original sin of Adam and Eve was lust?

Augustine

Who claimed homosexual acts, anal intercourse, and oral sex were against God’s will?

Thomas Aquinas

• also believed that sex organs were solely for reproduction

(18th Century) Who were proponents of the value of sex in marriage and eased restrictions? (Hint: Reformers)

Martin Luther & John Calvin

How did the Victorian era define the roles of men and women? (Hint: step back from Reformation)

• Encouraged self-restraints on all aspects of life including sex, however, prostitution flourished

• Believed women didn’t experience sexual desire, enjoyment, or orgasm

Sigmund Fraud Contributions (20th Century)

• The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) said sexuality innate in both men and women

Physician Havelock Ellis (20th Century)

• Wrote Life and Sex: emphasized love rights of women

  • oral sex, homosexuality, and masturbation are okay if nobody is harmed

WWI (1914-18)

Gender roles expanded as thousands of women took paying jobs for first time

Great Depression (1929-39) - RGR

Went back to strict gender roles

Women’s suffrage

• began late 19th C

• goal was giving women right to vote

• 19th amendment in 1920 gave right to vote to women

WW II (1941-45)

gender roles expanded

• postwar retreat to traditional gender roles

Sexual revolution (1960s-70s)

• Numerous contraceptives introduced: pill, IUD

• Kinsey studies

• Masters and Johnson studies

Media and Sexuality

Sex sells!

• sexual images, both blatant and subtle designed to attract attention to and sell products

• 1981 most music videos included sexual content (more overt & explicit)

What does this image mean? (Research verified)

most common emojis people send and receive in sexually suggestive messages

Sexology

Study of sexuality

• goals —> understand and predict sexual behavior

Population

group of individuals being studies

Sample

subset of individuals in population

Random sample

randomly chosen subset of a population

Representative sample

limited sample that provides an accurate representation of the larger target population

Convenience sample (ie. students in class)

selected based on convenience and accessibility

Volunteer bias

tendency for those who volunteer for research to be different in some way from those that refuse

• ie) more sexually experienced or positive attitudes toward sexuality are more likely to volunteer

Demographic bias

tendency for some members of population to be over-represented and others to be excluded

Qualitative Study

examines small group (6-10) of people in depth

• pros: in-depth explorations of behaviors thoughts, and feelings

• cons: limited generalization of findings; possibility of inaccurate info

Survey

data gathered from relatively large groups of people by means of questionnaires or interviews

• pros: relatively cheap and quick method for obtaining large amounts of data; more practical

• cons: non-response bias, demographic bias, possibly inaccurate

Direct observation

researchers observe and record responses of participants

• pros: eliminates the possibility of data falsification

• cons: a person’s behavior can be influenced by presence of observers(s) or artificial nature of environment where observations are made

Experimental method

researcher manipulates a set of conditions, or variables, and observes the effect of this manipulation on participants’ behavior

• pros: provides controlled environment for testing relevant variables; can determine casual relationships b/w variables

• cons: artificiality of lab settings can change or bias participants’ responses

Spontaneous Orgasms

case studies revealed association b/w various antidepressant drugs and orgasm w/o sexual stimuli

Non-response

refusal to participate in a study

Demographic bias

sampling bias in which certain segments of society are disproportionately represented

Kinsey Reports (Most famous Survey Study)

1938 Kinsey began collecting sex histories (through marriage and fam course for married people) & 3 years later gathered nearly 2000 Findings: American men and women masturbated, had premarital sex, same sex interactions, adultery, oral, anal, etc; hetero and homosexuality are not binary

Demographics of Kinsey Reports

• broad spectrum of Americans (ages, marital status, occupations, education, religion, etc)

• BUT only white people were sampled AND educated urban protestants, volunteered

NHSLS = National Health and Social Life Survey

• (representative sample) survey 4,369 Americans from ages 18-59

• 79% respondent rate

• Conclusion: most content with erotic lives and more sexually conservative than believed

Masters and Johnson

• most famous observers

• studied physiological changes during sexual arousal

• book: Human Sexual Response (1966)

• developed 4 stage model (Human Sexual Response 1996)

• discovered that people could have multiple orgasms

Penile plethysmograph

• looped around base of penis

• measures changes in blood flow to penis (increase in circumfrence)

Vaginal photoplethysmograph

• light sources and detector

• measures increased vaginal blood volume bc of arousal via light backscattered to device

Vaginal and rectal myographs

measure muscular activity in pelvic area

Functional MRI

imaging tool that creates detailed, cross-sectional pictures of inside the body using radiofrequency waves, powerful magnets and a computer

Variable

anything that can vary or change

Experimental group

is exposed to some variable

Control group

not exposed to variable

Placebo

inactive substance that resembles treatment you are testing (fake treatment)

Independent variable (IV)

variable that is manipulated by researcher (possible cause)

• (ie.) shown R rated movies with or w/o violence to test for violent media consumption leading to desensitisation of violence)

Dependent variable

what is measured by researcher (effect)

• (ie.) questionnaire few days later about attitudes of violent films

Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in Black Americans

• group of 399 Black men with syphilis given periodic exams and told they being treated for syphilis but were not

• victims of study were all Black and many died of syphilis, 40 spouses who contracted the disease and 19 children born with congenitalssphillis

Homology

derived from the same primodial tissue; develop from the same stem cells (ie. penis and clitoris)

Gamete (23 chromosomes)

haploid cell capable of reproduction by fusing with another haploid gamete (fertilization)

Sperm

gamete produced by testes in a process called spermatogenesis

Ova

gamete produced by the ovaries in a process called oogenesis

Penis

internally made up of nerves, blood vessels, and cylinders of erectile tissue and urethera

Scrotum

pouch of skin that holds testicles

• can rise and fall depending on temprature

• can sweat to cause cooling

What are the primary functions of the Penis?

• conduit urine to leave the body

• conduit semen (has sperm) to leave body

• organ of sexual pleasure

Identify the 3 sections of the penis:

• glans: head of penis

• shaft: body of penis

• root: base of penis (not external)

Glans

• made up of:

  • corona (rim)

  • meatus (urethral opening)

  • frenulum (most sensitive)

  • foreskin (prepuce)

Smegma

build-up underneath foreskin; cheesy material —> wash to prevent infections

Circumcision

removal of foreskin; more common in US

Two Cavernous bodies (corpora cavernosa)

run dorsally along upper portion of penis

Spongy body (corpus spongiosum)

erectile tissue that are on the underside of the penis and surrounds urethra

Root

extensive network of muscles to control unrination and ejaculation

Cruca

• attached to pubic bone through ligaments

• muscles help control urnination and ejaculation

Kegel

may get stronger orgasms and ejaculatory control

• stopping and starting urination (for males)

What is the optimal temprature for sperm production?

93 F

Tunica dartos

smooth muscles and connective tissue raising and lowering testicles when warm or cold

Perineum (taint)

sensitive area b/w genitals and anus

• can ehance pleasure and orgasm

• supports urogental muscles important in defecation

Pubic hair

act as cushion during sexual contact and traps scents that are attractive

Internal spermatogenic reproductive anatomy includes:

• penis

• testes (gonads)

• ejaculatory pathway

• seminal vesicles

• prostate gland

Testes (gonads)

main functions are to produce gametes and testosterone

Ejaculatory pathway

sperm have to take to leave body

• epididymis

• vas deferens

• ejaculatory ducts

seminal vesicles

behind bladder; make 2/3 volume of semen, alkaline, fructose (giver sperm energy), vitamins

prostate gland

doughnut shaped and walnut sized

Seminiferous tubules

sperm are produces

• each testicle has 250-1000 and each 1-3ft long

• lined with two types of cells: Sertoli cells and spermatogonia

Sertoli cells

• nurture and facilitate spermatogenesis (process of making sperm

• secrete anti-mullerian hormone involved in prenatal sexual differentiation

Spermatongia

primordial germ cell that goes through meiosis to produce mature sperm cells

Scrotum and Testes

Interstitial cells of Leydig

cells b/w seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone and other androgens

List the 3 regions of Sperm:

• head (acrosome contains enzymes)

• body (mitochondria provides energy needed for tail)

• tail (flagellum)

What is the tail of sperm called?

flagellum

How many chromosomes do ova and sperm contain?

23

Autosomes

genes that produce other traits (not sex chromosomes)

Sex chromosomes:

X or Y

Which chromosomes induce formation of spermatogenic structures?

XY

Which chromosomes induce formation of oogenic structures?

XX

How many gametes are produced at a time in spermatogenisis?

Hundreds of millions of sperm

How many gametes are produced at a time in oogenesis?

one egg

How long does it take for spermatogenesis formation?

sperm produced every 100 days; from puberty onward

How long does it take for oogenesis formation?

female is born with all the primary oocytes she will ever have (born will all eggs)

What is the number of functional gametes from one stem cell in spermatogenesis?

4

What is the number of functional gametes from one stem cell in oogenesis?

1

True or false: Sperm are among the largest cells in the body

False

(they are the smallest !)

True or false: The egg is one of the largest cells in the body

True

Spermatogenesis

Sperm production

This is for the spermatogonium, make sure to know this

What happens to sperm through meiosis 1 division?

primary spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes

What happens to sperm through meiosis 2 division?

Secondary spermatocytes become spermatids

What do spermatids mature to?

Sperm !