ChemH- Kinetics and Equilibrium

collision theory

in order for a reaction to occur, the particles of the reactant must have enough energy and must collide at the correct angles

concentration, temperature, surface area, nature of reactants, catalyst

list 5 factors that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction by increasing the number of effective collisions

increases

when concentration increases, the rate of reaction ------

increases

when temperature increases, the rate of reaction ------

increases

when surface area increases, the rate of reaction ------

fast, slow

ionic substances react very ----- while covalent substances react very --------

lowering

a catalyst speeds up chemical reactions by ----------- the activation energy

enthalpy or heat of reaction

the amount of heat given off or absorbed in a chemical reaction

heat of products minus reactants

how do you calculate heat of reaction (enthalpy)?

entropy

chaos or randomness of molecules

less energy, exothermic reactions, greater entropy

spontaneous reaction in the direction of -------, --------------, ----------

s

entropy hierarchy

equilibrium

when rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal

phase equilibrium

when the rate of the particles returning to the original phase equals the rate of particles escaping the original phase

solution equilibrium

the rate of crystalization equal the rate of dissolving OR the rate that gas dissolves in a liquid goes up into space above the liquid equals the rate that undissolved gas on top goes into the liquid

chemical equilibrium

the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

gas, unionized product, precipitate

what are 3 signs that a reaction has gone to completion (cannot go backward)? one of the products are….

right

increase in concentration on the left causes a shift to the -------

right, endothermic

increase in temperature on a system at equilibriu, causes a shift to ------- and favors the -------- reaction

less moles

increase in pressure in a gaseous equilibrium will shift the reaction to the side with ----------- -------

speed up

catalysts -------- the rate of the forward and reverse reactions equally