AP US history chapters 1-3

Plantation system

based on large-scale commercial agriculture and the wholesale exploitation of slave labor

Treaty of Tordesillas

between Spain and Portugal, dividing the world for each to claim

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerers of the New World

Capitalism

An conomic system that grew from being fed European money

Encomienda

Allowed the government to "commend" Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. It was secretly slavery.

Noche Triste

"Sad Night", when the Aztecs attacked and drove the Spanish down the causeways from Tenochtitlan in retreat, just before Cortes laid siege to the city

Mestizos

People of mixed Indian and European ancestry

John Cabot

Explored the northeastern coast of North America for England in 1497 and 1498

Giovanni da Verrazano

An Italian mariner sent by the French king to probe the eastern seaboard around 1524

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztecs in 1521

Jacques Cartier

A Frenchman who journeyed hundreds of miles up the St. Lawrence River in 1534

Don Juan de Onate

Spaniard who abused the Pueblo peoples and severed one foot of each male suvivor

Pope's Rebellion

Pueblo uprising in 1680 that destroyed every Catholic church an dkilled a score of priests and hundreds of Spanish setllers

Kiva

A Pueblo ceremonial religious chamber

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

Explored the California coast for Spain in 1542

Father Junipero Serra

Founded San Diego and a chain of twenty other missions for Spain in 1769

Black Legend

False concept held by Indians that the Spanish tortured and butchered the Kindians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind.

English Protestant Reformation

King Hundry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and created the Church of England

Sir Francis Drake

Famous English "sea dog" who defeated the Spanish Armada and plundered Spanish ships for Queen Elizabeth

Roanoke Island

Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously vanished in the late 1580s

Newfoundland

First English attempt at colonization by Sir Humphrey Gilbert that collapsed when he died

Primogeniture

Laws that decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. Why many explorers set sail in the first place.

Joint-stock company

Forerunner to a modern coporation that enabled a considerable number of investors, called "adventurers", to pool their capital

Virgina Company of London

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I for setllement in the New World whose main attraction was gold. Their charter guaranteed to overseas settlers the same rights they would have enjoyed if they had stayed home.

Jamestown

Colony established in 1607 in Virginia

Captain John Smith

Saved Virginia from collapse by whipping the gold0hungry colonists into line by making them work

"starving time"

Winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown

Lord De La Ware

Governor of Jamestown that imposed a harsh military regime and undertook agressive military actions against the Indians

Powhatan

Chieftain of the native peoples living in the James River area

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Created by Lord De La Ware. Ended with a peace settlement in 1614 with the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

In 1644, the Indians made a last effort to disloge the Virginians. Ended with a peace treaty in '46 that banished the Chesapeake Indians from their land.

Horses

Brought by Spain and allowed an Indian migration into the Great Plains, such as the Lakotas (Sioux)

Algonquins

Indians in the Great Lakes that reached a substantial regional power and dealt with the Europeans from a position of stregnth

John Rolfe

Father of Pocahontas, because father of the tobacco industry and the economic savior of the Virgina colongy. He perfected the methods of raising and curing the weed in 1612.

Dutch

First people to bring African slaves to the New World in 1619

House of Burgesses

An assembly in the Virgina colony founded in 1619 and the first representative self-government in America

Lord Baltimore

Founded Maryland in 1634

Maryland

Colony founded as a refuge for Catholics that prospered on tobacco

Act of Toleration

Proposed by the Catholics of Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christian but death penalty for those who denied the divinity of Jesus

Sugar

Foundation for the West Indian economy

Barbados slave code

Created in 1661 that denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers

Carolina

Colony founded by Charles II granted to the eight Lord Proprietors. Developed clsoe economic ties with the sugar islands of the English West Indies and had a vigorous slave trade.

Savannah Indians

In 1707 ended their alliance with the Carolinians and would have migrated to the backcountry of Maryland and Pennsylvania, but before they could leave were annihilated by the Indian tribes of coastal Carolina

Rice

Principal export crop of Carolina. One of the reasons Carolinians wanted African slaves (and that they were immune to malaria)

Charles Town

Rapidly became the busiest seaport in the South

Florida

South of the English colonies where Catholic Spain held claims to the land

Sqautters

People without legal right to land

North Carolina

Colony filled with riff-raff that was in between two aristocratic olonies that became stereotyped as independent minded

Tuscarora War

When the North Carolinians crushed the Indians and sold hundreds of them into slavery and left the others to run to the Iroquois

Yamasee Indians

Defeated by the South Carolinians, after which almost all the Indians in the southern colonies had been devastated

Buffer

An in between area designed for protection

Georgia

Originally founded as a buffer colony in 1733 to protect its neighboring colonies, produce silk and wine, and create a haven for debtors.

Georgia

Originally founded as a buffer colony in 1733 to protect its neighboring colonies, produce silk and wine, and create a haven for debtors.

Savannah

Chief harbor of Georgia

James Oglethorpe

Soldier-statesmen who was one of the founders of Georgia. He repelled Spanish attacks and heavily mortgaged his own personal fortune for the benefit of the "Charity Colony".

Iroquois Confederacy

Emerged around New York state and a bond of five Indian nations--the Mowhawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas

Protestant Reformation

Started by Martin Luther in Germany 1517 when he declared that the Bible alone was the source of God's word

Calvinism

Became the dominant theological credo for New England Puritans and other American settlers such as the Scottish Presbyterians

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Book written by John Calvin where he argued that God was all power and all good and humans were weak and wicked

Predestination

Calvinist idea that souls had already been destined for Heaven (elect) or Hell and nothing on Earth could change that

Conversion

Receipt of God's free gift of saving grace of which God revealed to the elect their heavenly destiny

Visible saints

People who were considered to be of the "elect" because they led sanctified lives

Puritans

A group of people who looked to Calvinism after the social unrest and economic hardship after the English Reformation who wanted to see the Church of England wholly decatholicized.

Seperatists

Vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England because they never thought it could be purified

Mayflower

Boat the Seperatists from Holland took after negotiating with the Virginia company and landed in Plymouth

Captain Myles Stanish

Soldier of fortune with the nickname "Captain Shrimp" who became na Indian fighter and negotiator for the Pilgrims

Mayflower Compact

Drew up and signed by the Pilgrim leaders to form a crudge government that submitted to the will of the majority

William Bradford

A self-taught scholar who was governor of Plymouth

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by the Seperatist Pilgrims after the Great Migration, became the biggest and most influential of the New England outposts, and believed they would become the model for mankind

Great Migration

In 1630s when about seventy thousand refugees left England and mostly went to the West Indies (esp. Barbados), and a few went to the Bay Colony

John Winthrop

Bay Colony's first governor and helped the colony to prosper

Congregational Church

Name for the Puritan church in America

Antinomianism

"Against the law", not obeying the laq

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan woman who claimed antinomianism and the elect didn't need to follow any laws because they were already destined for Heaven. She was banished from the Bay Colony and eventually killed by Indians.

Roger Williams

Minister of Salem who was an extreme Seperatist and challenged the government of the Bay Colony and wanted to repay the Indians for land. Was banished from the Bay Colony and founded Rhode Island.

Fundamental Orders

A modern constitution of which the colony of Hartford was founded upon

Reverend Thomas Hooker

Founded the Puritan colony of Hartford in 1635

New Haven

Founded by Puritans who wanted an even closer church-state alliance, but were squatters

Sir Ferdinando Gorges

Attempted to colonize Maine, whose heirs eventually purchased Maine and absorbed it into the Bay Colony

New Hampshire

Sprang from fishing and trading activities on its coast and was almost grapsed by the Bay Colony until the king made it a royal colony in 1679.

Wampanoag Indians

Helped the Plymouth colony survive by showing it how to farm. Notable among them was Squanto.

Pequot War

English militiamen and their Narrangsett Indian allies set fire to Indian wigwams and shot the fleeing survivors in a burtal slaughter on Connecticut's Mystic River and created decades of uneasy peace with the Indians

Metacom

Massasoit's son, chieftain of the Wampanoags who lauched a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New England

King Philip's War

Inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indians and slowed the English in their westerward expansion for several decades, lauched by Metacom (King Philip)

New England Confederation

Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and Harford banded together (blackballed Rhode Island and Maine) with the main purpose of defense as well as settling intercolonial problems

English Civil War

England turned their attention towards this rather than its colonies in the 1640s-1660s

Dominion of New England

Created by the crown aimed at bolstering colonial defense. Dismantled the New England Confederation and imposed the Navigation Laws.

Navigation Laws

Laws that sought to stitch England's overseas possessions more tightly to the mother country by throttling American trade with countries not ruled by the British crown. Made smuggling increasingly common.

Sir Edmund Andros

English military man who established headquarters in Puritanical Boston. He openly created an affiliation with the Church of England, curbed the cherished town meetings, laid heavy restrictions on the courts, the press, and the schools; and revoked all land titles. He taxed people without consent of their representatives and tried to supress smuggling by enforcing the Navigational Laws.

Glorious Revolution

The bloodless detroning of James II of England and the ascesion of William III and Mary II to the throne in 1688-1689

Salutary Neglect

When the new monarchs relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade and the Navigation Laws were only weakly enforced

The Dutch

A great colonial power that won its independence from Spain with the help of England. Created the Dutch West India Company and the more profitable Dutch East India Company.

New Netherland

Dutch colony on the Hudson River founded in 1623-1624 for the fur trade and founded by the Dutch West India company, but never really of full interest to them

New Amsterdam

Dutch West India Company town that became New York City

Patroonships

Feudal states fronting the Hudson River that were granted to promoters who agreed to settle fifty people on them

Thirty Years' War

1618-1648, War in which Sweden rose to power under King Gustavus Adolphus and carried the torch for Protestantism. After this they planted a colony on the Delaware River, which was absorbed by New Netherland.

Livingstons and De Lanceys

Influential landowning families (examples) that wielded disproportionate power in the affairs of colonial new York

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania, a convinced Quaker, who recieved land from the crown that was owed to his father

Quakers

A group of Protestants who were pacifists, didn't support the Church of England with taxes, believed every single person was equal, and were considered offesnive to authorities

Pennsylvania

Originally a Quaker colony, very religious tolerant and democratic, the only colony (for a period of time) without a militia