gender psych exam 2 textbook

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

the manual published by the american psychiatric association and used by clinicians, researchers, regulation agencies, health insurance companies, legal entities, and policy makers to provide a common language and criteria for diagnosing mental disorders

disharmonious emotions

emotions such as anger and disharmonious happiness that convey a motivation to achieve one’s personal goals or take satisfaction in success over another

display rules

overlearned emotional habits that guide which emotions we display and to whom we can display them

gender conformity

feelings of pressure from parents, peers, or others to conform to gender stereotypes

gender contentedness

the feelings of compatibility and contentment between one’s biological sex and gender category

gender dysphoria

a diagnosis found in the DSM-5 that is not restricted by age parameters and involves distress associated with the incongruity of one’s assigned sex at birth and gender; it has generally replaced the diagnosis of gender identity disorder

gender fluid

term used by individuals who do not abide by the binary gender norms prescribed by culture and instead express themselves along a spectrum of female and male

gender intensification

during the adolescent time period, teens feel pressure to further differentiate themselves from the non-narrative gender role expectation

gender nonconforming

individuals who do not adhere to traditional gender stereotypes and expectations associated with the sex assigned at their birth

gender rigidity

a strong adherence to gender stereotypical behaviors; it is often found in young children but can be seen at other points in life

gender typicality

the knowledge of membership in a gender category and feeling that one is a typical member of one’s gender category

identity

the complex constellation of characteristics used to describe and define a person

intergroup bias

the preferential attitudes toward one’s identified gender group

submissive emotions

emotions such as sadness and anxiety that are used to communicate vulnerability and need for comfort from other

contempt

four horsemen; treating your partner with disrespect and mocking sarcasm, hostile humor, name-calling, mimicking, negative body language

courtship

a historical predecessor to dating, in which interested suiters would spend time with a woman in the presence of family and community members

criticism

four horsemen; involves attacking your partner on a broader and more personal level than a specific behavior

cultural scripts

situational practices, norms, and values that are understandable to individuals who are a part of the culture

dating

the “publically-expressed practice undertaken by romantically-interested partners for the purpose of getting to know one another better”

defensiveness

four horsemen; conflict technique whereby people protect themselves by showing indignation and claiming innocence while blaming their partner

dispositional authenticity

the presentation of one’s true self in daily life which can affect our ability to form and maintain relationships

emotional intimacy

feelings of closeness that most often come from sharing information about yourself, or self-disclosing

friendship norms

the unwritten rules that govern expectations of peer behavior in everyday settings

homophily

the tendency to affiliate with someone who is similar to you

interpersonal scripts

specific and subjective representations of cultural scripts

love withdrawal

a disciplinary technique used by parents who withhold or withdraw signs of affection in response to children’s misbehavior or failure

propinquity

the tendency to form bonds with people who are more available to us, or those whom we encounter more often

relationship authenticity

the true expression of oneself in the context of a romantic relationship

second shift

phrase coined by hochshild and machung that refers to the household work women do after completing their paid employment

self-disclosure

the process by which we share information about ourselves with others, which can serve to strengthen our connections with other people

stonewalling

four horsemen; occurs when partner withdraws from an interaction and stops responding, closing themselves off from their partner. turning away, removing oneself from the argument, and ceasing to speak

asexual

a sexual orientation whereby a person isn’t attracted to any gender

bisexual

a sexual orientation whereby a person is attracted to more than one gender

clitoris

small bundle of nerves located at the top of the woman’s vulva, above the opening for the urethra

cunnilingus

oral stimulation of the female genitalia

double standard for sexual behavior

numerous stereotypical beliefs encouraging certain sexual behavior from men but not women— pressuring men to engage in sometimes risky sexual behavior, while at the same time discouraging women from freely expressing their sexuality

evolutionary psychology

the theoretical approach to understanding human behavior using the evolutionary principles of adaptation and natural selection

fellatio

oral stimulation of penis

gay

a term most often used to describe men who are attracted to men, but can be equally used to describe women and men who are attracted to people of the same gender

heterosexual sexual orientation

sexual attraction toward and/or sexual behavior with a person of the other gender. typically used to describe those who are attracted to the other gender sexual partners

hookup culture

sexual interactions between individuals who have no expectation of a commitment or continued romantic relationship

institutional review boards

ethics committees mandated by the federal government to review, approve or deny, and monito research involving human subjects

lesbian

a term regarding sexual orientation that refers directly to women who are attracted to other women

masturbation

the act of stimulating the genitals to reach orgasm

monogamous relationship

relationship in which two individuals are committed to each other exclusively

orgasm

physical sensation that occurs at the peak of sexual excitation, for men most often resulting in the experience of ejaculation of sperm

pansexual

a sexual orientation involving gender blindness or no gender preference

polyamory

nonmonogamous and consensual intimate relationships in which all of the multiple partners are aware of the others

refractory period

period of time after orgasm in which men’s bodies must recover before they are physiologically able to experience another orgasm

representative sample

a group of participants who exemplify the characteristics of the members of a population

same-gender sexuality

sexual desire toward and/or sexual behavior with a person of one’s same gender. typically used to describe those who are attracted to same-gender sexual patterns

scripts for sexual behavior

informal guides for sexual intercourse between women and men that are influenced by genderrole expectations. in the US, they reflect stereotypical views of women as submissing and men as dominant

sexology

scientific study of human sexual behavior including interests, actions, and function

sexual fluidity

the phenomenon in which sexual orientation is determined less by identity and more by circumstance

sexual orientation

term used to describe sexual interests or enduring sexual attraction. it may be heterosexual, gay or lesbian, bisexual, or queer

sexual regimes

complex sexually relevant cultural norm orientations, which vary by sex and gender differences

affiliative speech

form of communication that serves the social function of maintaining connections with others

assertive speech

form of communication that is used to influence others

cognition

one’s mental action and processes acquired through sensation and perceptions

cohen’s d

framework for understanding effect size coefficient as d scores of 0.20 as small, 0.50 as medium, and 0.80 as large

deictic gestures

language gestures, which include pointing, object-raising, or reaching for an object, that communicate an understanding of or reference to objects in the child’s environment

gendered languages

languages in which nouns are assigned as either feminine or masculine, or sometimes neuter; includes slavic, germanic, romance, and semitic

genderless languages

languages that offer no gender distinction in the noun or pronouns system; includes uralic, turkic, iranian, sinitic, and bantu

genderqueer

an all-encompassing term to describe those whose gender falls outside of the gender binary of female or male

iconic or conventional gestures

behaviors that denote an understanding of the action associated with an object or word; also known as conventional gestures

masculine generic

when male-centric parts of speech are used to describe both sexes in gendered languages

natural gender languages

languages that offer gender distinctions through pronouns such as she or he, including english and northern germanic or scandinavian languages

quantitative abilities

cognitive skills such as numeric calculations and arithmetic reasoning

self-objectification

thinking about or focusing on one’s own body from a third-person perspective, which can lead to negative cognitive and behavioral consequence

spatial ability

abilities associated with locating an object in space, mentally rotating objects, recognizing shapes, and mental rearrangement of rotations

stereotype threat

phenomenon whereby one is at risk of conforming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one’s group

uptalk

vocal characteristics that include rising intonation at the end of sentences meant to be declarations, making them sound like questions rather than statements

achievement motivation

a personal attribute associated with an individual’s need to strive to attain rewards

deductive reasoning

logic process whereby understanding is gained by moving from general understanding to specific instances; sometimes referred to as top-down processing

educational utility beliefs

students’ perceptions of the usefulness of their education experience for future personal success that affects their school performance

fear of success

a phenomenon originally described as women’s inhibition of their achievement in competitive situations so as to avoid the perception of being unfeminine, which could lead to social isolation. later definitions have expanded to include both women’s and men’s avoidance of success in situations that are deemed gender atypical

hegemonic masculinity

a cultural description of the traditional socially dominant male with characteristics including self-discipline, competitiveness, assertiveness, and knowledge

implicit associations

social psychology phenomenon whereby concepts become automatically associated with mental representations

inductive reasoning

logic process whereby understanding is gained by moving from concrete examples to create generalizations; sometimes referred to as bottom-up processing

metacognition

individuals’ awareness and monitoring of their thoughts

self-efficacy

personal characteristic that involves an individual’s belief in their ability to successfully complete a task

title IX

educational amendments of 1972; amendment to civil rights act, designed to prohibit sex-based discrimination in educational institutions with federal funding; no exclusion, denied benefits, or discrimination “on the basis of sex”

alexithymia

the inability to identify and express emotions

borderline personality disorder

characterized by ongoing instability in moods, behavior, self-image, and functioning; replaced hysterical personality disorder in the 1960a

coping

cognitive and behavioral efforts made in response to a threat or stressor

diagnosis

the identification of a classification or of a physical or psychological disorder

emotion-focused behaviors

category of coping strategies that focus on changing one’s response to stress through actions such as seeking social support, avoiding or denying the stressor, positively reappraising the situation, isolation, venting, ruminating, or exercise

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

hypogonadism

the physical condition of reduced activity of the male gonads producing less testosterone, which can lead to an increased prevalence of anxiety and depression

hysterical personality disorder

an early diagnosis in the DSM-II, which included exaggerated emotional expressions most often associated with women (ex. excitability, overreaction)

machismo

term used to describe a form of masculine identity found in mexican men that includes an exaggerated aggressiveness, callous sexuality toward women, and the view that danger is exciting

masculine gender role stress

phenomenon that occurs when men experience distress associated with situations in which they perceive a threat to their masculine identity

narcissism

disorder that is associated with physical expressions of anger, need for power and admiration, grandiosity, and lack of empathy; also referred to as narcissistic personality disorder

posttraumatic stress disorder

a mental health disorder that is commonly associated with either experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event; common symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a mood disorder characterized by significant premenstrual distress, depression, irritability, and diminished interest and pleasure

problem-focused behaviors

coping strategy category that focuses on altering the threat or stressor through action or preparation and planning

stress

the everyday common experience of physical, emotional, or mental strain that is caused by real or perceived tension

suicidal behavioral disorder

a diagnosis applied to individuals who have attempted suicide— a deliberate self destructive act— within the past two years.

vulnerable narcissism

a form of narcissism characterized by low self-esteem, neuroticism, and introversion

acquaintance rape

a type of sexual assault that occurs when the perpetrator is known by the victim. this person could be a friend, classmate, coworker, family member, or even a spouse