Introduction to the Human Body - Anatomy & Physiology (OpenStax Figures 1.x)

A set of practice flashcards covering key concepts from the Introduction to the Human Body chapter, including anatomy vs physiology, organization levels, homeostasis, feedback loops, organ systems, imaging, and body landmarks.

What is the distinction between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy studies the structure of body parts; physiology studies their function and how they work together.

What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body, from smallest to largest?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

What does homeostasis mean in the context of the human body?

Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment.

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions is called a(n) __. A) Organelle B) Organ System C) Tissue D) Cell

How does a negative feedback loop regulate the body, and what is a common example?

A deviation from a set point triggers responses that reverse the change and return to the set point; example: body temperature regulation.

How does a positive feedback loop differ from a negative feedback loop, and what is a common example?

It amplifies a change rather than restoring homeostasis; example: childbirth (labor contractions).

What is the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy?

Gross anatomy studies large structures visible to the naked eye; microscopic anatomy studies small structures using magnification (e.g., nerve cells).

What is metabolism, and what are anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Metabolism includes all chemical reactions in the body; anabolic reactions build up and require energy, while catabolic reactions break down materials and release energy.

Name the organ systems depicted in the organ systems diagram (Figure 1.4).

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary, and Male and Female Reproductive systems.

What two living characteristics are highlighted by marathon runners in Figure 1.7?

Responsiveness (irritability) and movement; coordination of muscles and sweating to regulate internal temperature.

What happens in humans when exposed repeatedly to extreme heat, according to Figure 1.8?

Humans acclimate to repeated exposure to high temperatures.

What environmental challenges are described for climbers on Mount Everest in Figure 1.9?

Extreme cold, low oxygen levels, and low barometric pressure.

Describe the basic parts of a negative feedback loop as presented in Figure 1.10.

Stimulus deviates from set point; receptor detects the change; control center processes; effector elicits a response to restore homeostasis.

What is a positive feedback loop and its biological example mentioned in the notes?

A loop that drives a change away from homeostasis; example: childbirth.

What views are shown in Figure 1.12, Regions of the Human Body?

Anatomical position with anterior (front) and posterior (back) views, with regions labeled.

What are the three planes most commonly used in anatomical imaging?

Sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes.

What do the dorsal and ventral body cavities include?

Dorsal cavity contains the cranial and spinal cavities; ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities (and subdivisions).

How many abdominal regions and quadrants are described in the peritoneal cavity?

Nine regions and four quadrants.

What is a serous membrane and where is it highlighted in relation to the heart?

Serous membranes line cavities and cover organs; around the heart (pericardial cavity) they form two layers.

Which imaging techniques are described in Figure 1.21 for medical imaging?

CT scans, MRI, PET scans, and Ultrasound (with X-ray shown in Fig. 1.18).

What is the basic purpose of X-ray imaging as shown in Figure 1.18?

To visualize internal structures, especially bones, using high-energy electromagnetic radiation.

What is the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy when studying the brain?

Gross anatomy examines large brain structures; microscopic anatomy examines brain tissue at the cellular level.