Biology 1450 Exam 1: University of Nebraska Omaha

Different kinds of atom are distinguished by

number of associated electrons

Carbon and Hydrogen have...

similar affinities for electrons

What happens when an ionic compound is added to water?

Individual ions separate and are dispersed among the water molecules

Non-polar molecules interact through...

induced dipoles

Induced dipoles are proven with

Vanderwaal's forces and London dispersion force difference

Frozen over lakes are an example of what?

Insulation

Ice is less dense than water because

water molecules are forced into an ordered structure in which they are further apart from each other

Water interacts closely with charges or partially charged regions on the surface of the molecule to form...

The Hydration Shell

What is an isomer

An alternative form of a combination of elements

What is a structural isomer

Isomer with same kind and number of atoms, but in different arrangements

What is Levo

Left

What is Dextr

Right

Polymers can differ in...

chemical composition

What glucose polymer is used in plants

Starch

You can put 2 fatty acids together by...

linking them on a 4th molecule

Unsaturated fats are linked by

cis double bonds

Unsaturated fats are

liquids

Cis desaturation prevents

close packing of triglycerides

Trans double bond does not result in

the same increase in fluidity

Phospholipids are made from

fatty acids

Where is cholesterol found

in membranes

What are the functions of enzymes

Biological catalyst, mediate metabolic reactions in the cell

What does the catalyst function do

Assists in a chemical reaction without being used up in the process

What does the protein transport function do?

Moving materials in and out of the cell

What is the carbon called in the middle of an amino acid?

Alpha Carbon

What is the back end of an amino acid

C-terminal end

How do amino acids differ from each other

Different "side chains", the things attached to the Carbon, may be polar/nonpolar

What manufactures polypeptides/proteins

the Cells

How long are polypeptide chains

40-400 long

How are polypeptide chains differ from each other

Length of chain, different make up, differ in the order of amino acids

What are the roles of nucleic acids in the cell

Information storage for DNA, Information transfer-temporary copies "transcripts" (typically as RNA), some structural roles and catalytic roles for RNA

Nucleotides are linked together through a series of

phosphate-ribose (or deoxyribose)

Two DNA molecules are...

complementary and Anti-Parallel

What is the nature of information transfer between nucleic acids during gene expression, protein synthesis, and during DNA replication

COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING

RNA is what kind of stranded

typically single stranded but with many exceptions

Why do many RNA have a secondary structure?

Because of self complementarity

How big are Prokaryotic cells

100 nanometers to 10 micrometers

How big are eukaryotic cells

10 micrometers to 100 Mm

what cell features are located outside the membrane

Cell Wall and Matrix

What is the site of ribosome component synthesis

Nucleolus

What is the important property of the functional groups without oxygen

Their occurrence results in a less-even distribution of electrons over the molecules surface

Each monomer for nucleic acids are made of what 3 parts?

a phosphate, a ribose sugar (or its derivative, as deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base

All cells have what in common?

they are bound by a cell/plasma membrane that encloses cytoplasm

What organelles have membranes but are not part of the endomembrane system?

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

What is the endosymbiotic origin?

When a prokaryotic organism was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell

Perception implies...

a perceptive mechanism capable of physically interacting with stimulus

Response implies

physiological outcome connected to the perception event

Darwin's theory of evolution infers

1.members of population vary in traits, 2.traits are transmitted to offspring, 3.all species are capable of reproducing at a rate exceeding the replacement rate, and 4.differential survival results from competition among individuals

Individuals within a variable population with traits that give higher chance of survival will tend to...

have more offspring

Unequal ability to survive and reproduce will lead to...

the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over successive generations

Chemical properties of an atom depend on...

Structure of its atom (# of protons and electrons)

Formation and function of molecules results from...

chemical bonding between atoms

Chemical reactions make/break/rearrange

electron bonds

How far can matter be divided and maintain its chemical properties

to the atom

What is the charge when an electron is lost

+1

What is the charge when an electron is gained

-1

When an atom is stable it has...

a full outer shell

Each element has a distinct affinity. What is that?

Strength of attraction

When atoms of the same element share electrons, electrons are...

evenly distributed

Interacting molecules fit together due to

complementary shapes

What is a chemical reaction?

A rearrangement of atoms and the bonds that hold them together

During chemical reactions energy may be...

released or absorbed

Some chemical reactions are easily...

removable

Equilibrium is influenced by

concentrations of chemical and system energy

What is cohesion

Water's ability to stick together

What is adhesion

Water's ability to stick to surfaces

More energy is needed to change what in water

ENERGY

What is the medium in which most biological processes occur

Water

A free proton is...

H+

Acidic solutions contain a lot of

H+

Basic solutions contain a lot of

-OH

Low PH means

High Protons

High PH means

low amount of protons

PH of 1 =

.1

Molecules in solution can cause the solution to resist PH change because of..

Buffering

What happens to the solubility of a molecule as more protons are put in...

decreases as the charges neutralizes

Organic Chemistry is

the study of organic compounds

Elements found in living things

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Carbon

What is significant about Carbon

Can form covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms

Geometry of a molecule will impact...

its properties

What is an enantiomer?

Mirror image of molecule

What is a trans-Isomer

Bulky things on opposite sides

If you raise the pH you add or subtract protons

Subtract or "take away"

What is triphosphate

ATP

If a sugar is long enough, it can...

form a ring structure with itself

In order for sugars to be used to make polysaccharides, they must be...

in a ring formation

Single bonds allow free rotation while double bonds...

do not

Differences in sugar polymer properties come from...

the differences in bonding patterns between glucose molecules

What glucose polymer is used in animals

glycojen

Lipids are soluble in...

other lipids

Saturated fats are

solid

Phospholipid bilayer separates what kinds of solutions

aqueos

Other lipids share hydrophobic property, but not necessarily

structured similarly

What is the machinery of the cell

Proteins

What does the protein structural function do?

"Cytoskeleton": they give cells their shape

What does the protein storage function do?

Stores amino acids

What is the front end of an amino acid

N-terminal end

Protein assembly is random or not random?

Not random

What are the nitrogenous bases

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine (DNA), cytosine, Uracil(RNA)

DNA is a double what

Double stranded and double helix