Neuro Test

neurofibrils

channel communication from one cell to another

tangles lead to dementia

mitochondria

cell metabolism

give nutrients to cells

ribosomes

synthesize RNA

lysomes

intercellular digestion

clears negative waste when cells function

golgi apparatus

secretion and movement of proteins

proteins repair cells

nucleus/soma

cell body

dendrites

receive info from other neurons

axon

transmit info to other neurons

neuroglial cells

support and protect nerves in white and grey matter

excessive division can cause a tumor

astrocytes

Schwann cells

ogliodendrocytes

3 types of glial cells

astrocytes

assist the blood brain barrier

blood brain barrier

in place so food, drugs, etc. do not pass into the brain

protects the cells of the brain

schwann cells

produce myeline sheath in the PNS

excess division may cause schwanoma, neurofibroma, acoustic neuroma

ogliodendrocytes

produce myelin sheath in the CNS

excess division may cause a glioma

loss of myelin sheath

MS is caused by _____

association

afferent

efferent

3 types of neurons

association neurons

part of the CNS

send signals within the brain and spinal cord

afferent

aka receptive (peripheral)

sense stimuli and send info to the brain

ex. realizing a surface is hot

organs/muscles to spinal cord to brain

pathway of an afferent neuron

efferent

aka motor (peripheral)

send signals to initiate movement

ex. pulling your hand off a hot surface

brain to spinal cord to organs/muscles

pathway of an efferent neuron

PNS

important to understanding motor speech disorders

consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves

cranial nerves

12 pairs

emerge from the brain stem

spinal nerves

31 pair

emerge from the spinal column

olfactory

CN I

optic

CN II

occulomotor

CN III

trochlear

CN IV

trigeminal

CN V

abducens

CN VI

facial

CN VII

vestibulocochlear

CN VIII

glossopharyngeal

CN IX

vagus

CN X

accessory

CN XI

hypoglossal

CN XII

olfactory

optic

vestibulocochlear

what cranial nerves are sensory?

occulomotor

trochlear

abducens

accessory

hypoglossal

what cranial nerves are motor?

trigeminal

facial

glossopharyngeal

vagus

what cranial nerves are both?

smell

function of the olfactory nerve

vision

function of the optic nerve

visual convergence

accommodation

dilation/contraction of pupils

function of the occulomotor nerve

rotates eyes down and in

functions of the trochlear nerve

sensation of the face

muscles of mastication

sucking, rooting, swallow reflex

functions of the trigeminal nerve

trigeminal nerve

sensory: eyes, forehead, nose, meninges, maxillary sinuses, both jaws, teeth, lips, cheeks, tongue, hard palate, outer surface of TM, EAC

motor: muscles for chewing, tensor veli palatine, tensor tympani

reflexes: sucking, rooting, swallow, phasic bite

disorders: lock jaw, tics

rotate eyes outward

functions of the abducens nerve

muscles of face

taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue

sucking, rooting, swallow reflex

functions of the facial nerve

facial nerve

sensory: soft palate, taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue, branch in EAC

motor: stapedius, obicularis oris, superficial muscles of face and scalp, stylohyoid

reflexes: sucking, rooting, swallow

disorders: bells palsy

hearing

balance

functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve

taste for posterior 1/3

pharynx muscles

sucking, swallow and gag reflex

functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve

glossopharyngeal nerve

sensory: tonsils, pharynx, soft palate, taste and tactile for posterior 1/3 of tongue, internal surface of TM, middle ear cavity, eustachian tube

motor: pharyngeal elevators and constrictors

reflexes: sucking, swallow, gag

disorder: salivation

larynx

pharynx

motor/sensation of visceral organs

swallow and gag reflex

functions of the vagus nerve

vagus nerve

sensory: pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thorax, abdominal viscera, EAC

motor: larynx, palatal muscles, pharynx, stomach

reflexes: swallow and gag

disorder: voice

shoulder shrug

neck rotation (SCM)

rooting reflex

functions of the accessory nerve

accessory nerve

motor: muscles of pharynx, larynx, laryngeal elevators, levator veli palatine, uvula, trapezius, SCM

reflexes: rooting

disorders: voice

tongue movement

hyoid bone

function of the hypoglossal nerve

grey matter

cell bodies of nerve cells

process sensory and motor info

aphasia

damage to the grey matter can cause ______

white matter

most of the volume of the brain

long filaments of cells (axons) covered in myelin sheath

permits communication between grey matter areas

40

white matter increases until age _____

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

3 parts of the brain stem

brain stem

serves as a conduit for all motor output from the CNS to PNS and for all sensory input from the PNS to CNS

connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum

true

T/F: the nuclei of most cranial nerves are located in the brain stem, as are centers that control vital functions such as respiration and heart rate

myelencephalon

the other name for the medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

passes through the base of the skull

contains all fibers originating in brain and cerebellum that move down to spinal cord

responsible for automatic functions

digestion

blood pressure

heart rate

breathing

4 main automatic functions of the brain stem

metencephalon

the other name for the pons

pons

bridge to the cerebellum hemispheres

identified by a prominent forward bulge in the brainstem

houses hearing and balance, some cranial nerves

transfer movement info from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum

damage may cause locked-in syndrome

mesencephalon

the other name for the midbrain

midbrain

connects the brain stem with cerebral hemispheres

controls many sensory and motor functions in the brain

eye movement

postural reflexes

coordination of visual/auditory reflexes

what 3 functions does the midbrain control?

2

the cerebellum has ____ hemispheres

cerebellum

coordination and modulates force and range of body movement

responsible for smooth rhythmic movements (speech)

false

T/F: the cerebellum initiates motor movements

diencephalon

lies between the brain stem and cerebral cortex

contains the 3rd ventricle, thalamus, and basal ganglia

thalamus

relay station for sensory experiences and info on motor impulses to the cortex

maintains consciousness and alertness

basal ganglia

receives input from the frontal lobe

sends info to the cortex through the thalamus

controls major muscle groups in the trunk and limbs necessary for delaing with shifts in body weight

damage can cause dyskinesia, hyperkinetic dysarthria, or stuttering

dyskinesia

uncontrolled movement

projection

association

commissural

3 types of connecting fibers

projection fibers

sends and receives information from the PNS

transmit sensory information to the brain (afferent)

transmit motor info to the muscles (efferent)

association fibers

connect areas within the same hemisphere

main = superior longitudinal (arcuate fasciculus)

arcuate fasiculus

superior longitudinal gyrus

connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

commissural fibers

connects corresponding areas of opposite hemispheres

main = is the corpus callosum

corpus callosum

connects the hemisphere

damage causes disconnection syndrome

cerebral cortex

outer layer of the brain

most recently evolved structure

gyri

the hills of the brain

sulci

the valleys of the brain

give the brain more grey matter

purpose of the gyri and sulci

longitunal sulcus

central sulcus

lateral sulcus

3 key sulci

longitudinal sulcus

separates left and right hemisphere

central sulcus

aka fissure of rolando

divides anterior and posterior portion of the brain

lateral sulcus

aka sylvian fissure

separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

regions surrounding this involved in speech, language, and hearing

98%

the left hemisphere is responsible for_____ of brain function

sequential processes

the left hemisphere is responsible for

language

temporal order

calculation

analysis

4 examples of sequential processes that the left hemisphere is responsible for

2%

the right hemisphere is responsible for _____ of brain function

holistic processes

the right hemisphere is responsible for

non-linguistic auditory info

visuospatial processing

sensory stereognosis

synthesis

4 examples of holistic processes that the right hemisphere is responsible for

pitch

tone

stress

non-linguistic auditory info

visuospatial processing

depth perception

dressing self

recognizing faces