diverse places

reasons for changes in population over time

• 1960s - annual population growth of 0.61% due to baby boomers + wind rush generation

• 1970/80s - low population growth deindustrialisation at its peak, high unemployment

• 1090s - grow rate increased as baby boomers had children

• 2000s - population growth due to the stabilisation of uks economy as tertiary sector was booming

• 2010 - highest pop growth ever as immigration levels exceeded above natural increase

London population growth

• 29.5% inc between 1981-2020

• strong growth of service industry

• over 30 institutions of higher education

• employment opportunities for high skilled workers

North east England - slow population growth

• 1.7% inc between 1981-2020

• deindustrialisation + global shift from manufacturing

• steel + coal production shut down, companies moved to lics for cheap labour

• many migrated to south for employment

what’s the rural urban continuum

• it’s a model for how the population density and the population structure changes with distance away from urban areas and towards rural areas, with a key focus on accessibility

Newhams characteristics

• average age is 31

• only 10 mins from London financial centre

• high university uptake

• regeneration 2012 olympics - new legacy

• 10,000 new homes by 2030 - 40% are affordable

Highland county population characteristics

• retired people moving

• average age 43

• roads meander round mountains, making in inaccessible

Harehills - 2 contrasting locations

• inner-city area of North-East Leeds - residential

• 31% aged 0-15

• total pop = 33,645 (2021)

• 4 frequent bus services to Leeds city centre

• location of a past mine - deindustrialised

• back to back terraced housing built in 1980s

• investments into children centre in 2006

Wetherby 2 contrasting areas

• on the edge of the green belt into Leeds - market town

• 28% are 65+ (ageing population)

• total pop = 20,567 (2021)

• important halt on great north road

• no direct train line, 2 bus services

• river wharf runs south - important bridging point in past

• industrial expansion since WW2 with munition factories (at Thorpe arch)

Harehills ethnicity

• 20% Pakistani

• 59% are ethnic minorities

Wetherby ethnicity

• 95.2% identify as white

• 3% are Pakistani

Waves of immigration

• 1840s - Irish - due to famine

• 1948-1971 - wind rush generation - fill labour shortages after the war

• 1948 British nationality act - conferred status of British citizenship on all commonwealth countries

• 1958- 1971 - Pakistan - war between Pakistan + India

• 2004 - Eastern European - A10 (10 countries joined eu)

local + regional influences on Harehills

• closely packed back to back housing for workers

• Harehills was once on the tram route - transport links supported the areas growth

• Gipton pit closed in 1921

• places of worship reflecting the diversity

• government policy- Harehills neighbourhood improvement plan addressed health issues

local + regional influences on Wetherby

• as car ownership increased it developed into a commuter town

• diversification of buildings- new shopping centre proposed + built in 1979s

• Wetherby neighbourhood plan objectives:

  - encourage access to facilities

  - promote sustainable energy

  - provide good quality jobs

Harehills global influences

• long history of immigration - Irish + Pakistani

• open door migration in 1948

• lack of tnc

• wide ethnoscape

• international foods

• better broadband (communication)

Wetherby global influences

• globalisation + placelessness

• clone town - loss of culture and identity

social clustering in Southwark

• expensive riverside property in Surry docks- bought by wealthy European immigrants

• wealthy white British live in south - furthest from densely populated riverside

• low income ethnic groups are based in areas with council housing

perspectives on Harehills

• Harehills lane by Simon Lewis - vibrant and diverse area

• 897 crimes reported in November 2022 - off putting to families

• lived experiences - transient community (don’t know each other)

what’s the rural idyll

• The nostalgic perception that rural areas are problem free, healthy and friendly

• It involves a chocolate box image of quaint villages

Urban push

• cost of living

• overcrowding

• traffic

• poor air quality

• crime ridden

• pollution

Rural pull

• heritage

• proximity to nature

• sense of history

• affordable housing

• healthy

• tranquil

why is Cornwall so deprived

• falling farm prices as supermarkets seek the lowest prices from suppliers (overseas)

• decline in fish stock

• exhaustion of tin reserves

• st Austell has best china clay reserves however advancements in tech means people are no longer needed to extract it

core periphery theory

• Cornwall is historically isolated from the rest of the UK

• no motorways + nearest airport is Newquay (few flights outside tourist season)

• This is a problem for business people who spend a lot of time and money travelling into the UK’s economic core

• reason why super fast broadband is so important

Qualitative data of Cornwall

• Poldark (TV programme) - gives a positive perspective as it shows heritage and coastal landscape

• Trip advisor - Newquay is too commercialised

• Lived experiences - good for old but boring for young

the downside of Cornwall

• it’s remoteness - core periphery theory

• the climate - frequent storms and high winter rainfall

• limited social opportunities - ageing population means the young feel isolated

• limited range of services

• tourism - Newquay is swamped by tourists (seasonal jobs)

• limited transportation - high petrol costs

• second home owners - rising market rents

solution of core periphery theory

super fast broadband

• by 2016 over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband

• 2000 jobs were created with an annual economy impact of 200 million

solution of the deindustrialisation of china clay

The Eden project

• opened in 2001, consists of 2 large conservatory’s which hold major plant types

  between 2001-2022 it :

• generated 1.7 billion for the Cornish economy

• used 2700 local suppliers

• attracted 18 million visitors

• encouraged wider investment in St Austell town centre

solution of the dependency on tourism

Newquay Aerohub

• partnership between Cornwall Council and private sector investors aiming to diversify Cornwall’s economy away from the dependency on tourism

• the burden parks brand was its location aiming to attract investment for aviation

• hoped to produce 700 new jobs, actually only 450 and many of these weren’t new (just displaced from the public to private sector)

national strategy’s - enterprise zones

• after leaving the EU in 2020 the regional aid funding was cut so the government focused their money on enterprise zones

• by 2017 there were 48 locations

• they offer incentives based on localities eg council tax business discounts

solution for isolation of aging population

Falmouth university

• 2 universities combined to provide a range of courses

• reduces brain drain (emigration of skilled professionals)

Migrants in Boston, Lincolnshire

• in 2011 there were 65,000 Eastern Europeans resident

• they are drawn there for the field just outside the town

• work long hours with a large sum of money

• filling jobs locals don’t want to do (physically taxing)

• migrants prefer rural due to the lower cost of living

• they feel connected with the community- enhanced through ethnic enclaves bringing services (Lithuanian supermarket)

• however they suffer abuse from gang masters (contractors) such as low pay and ignorance or labour laws

Southall - Case study of a diverse area

• 83% of the residents are ethnic minorities

• largest Sikh community in London

• Broadway street has shops connected to the Punjab region (northern India)

• many migrants from Punjab - Punjabi soldiers served in British army + decided to live here with their families

• employment in London manufacturing industry or Heathrow Airport (15 mins away)

Ethnic markers in Southall

• Gurdwara Sri Sikh Temple

• Vaisakhi Sikh procession (festival)

• Desi Radio based in Southall - plays Bhangra music

Jewish immigrants into London

• moved 1935 onwards due to the persecution from war

• initially lived in the poorer East End

• gained affluence and moved to suburban boroughs

• initially felt safe and secure however recently been the target of racist hate crimes

gentrification of Newington green - north London

• originally grotty yet affordable

• small scale changed from local group of residents (Newington Green action group)

• new playground, traffic rerouted, fancy wine bars

• Islington police dealt with petty crime

• property prices rose by 80% in 5 years

• NGAG didn’t represent whole community (ignored issues raised by Turkish residents)

• community is changing into a Yuppie culture

Studentification in Coventry

• tensions between town v gown - uni campus is encroaching on local communities

• Coventry university is a winner - gaining more revenue

• increasing night time economy

• local residents are losers (rising house prices (HMO), pollution and social isolation

The provision of social housing - the Heygate Estate Southwark

• since Margaret Thatchers right to buy policy in the 1980s, social housing has decreased

• 3000 lived there

• demolished in 2014 by the council

• was socially cleansed

• 595 households moved

• Lend Lease developed the area into elephant park (unaffordable housing)

Londons changing dock lands

• the docklands closed in 1981 due to the rise of container ships (Thames wasn’t deep enough)

• after the closure 60% of adult men were unemployed

• 21km2 of derelict riverside property

Regenerating Londons docklands

• London Dockland Development Corporation (LDDC) formed in 1981 to regenerate the area

• LDDCs plans focused on economic growth - top down project - ignored local needs of more social housing

• They built London City airport

• flagship project was Canary Wharf

Canary Wharf

• Londons 2nd CBD

• attracted TNCs - HSBC headquarters

• stimulated quaternary employment

• 100,000 commuters travel there every day with an average salary of 100,000

• 22,000 new housing units

• many east Enders moved to Sussex due to hate crimes + cost of living + the jobs available didn’t match their skill set anymore

inequality in London

• 18.5% of black workers had elementary jobs

• 40% of ethnic minorities live in low income households

• between 1995-2022 some house prices rose up to 1000% !!

about Slough

• town on the M4, west of London

• it’s experienced changed due to waves of immigration (internal + international) why - near Heathrow + cheaper housing

• 47% are from Asian ethnic groups

• Slough is more deprived than the England average on the 2019 IMD

issues facing Slough

• cohesion of community

• integration of ethnic groups

• sheds with beds

• hate crimes

• pressure on local services

local strategy’s of Slough

• Aik Saath (together as one) is a charity related to social cohesion - hold youth workshops on issues like racism and knife crime

• aspire Slough - partnership between local council and private companies aiming to develop employability skills, managed by TNCs in the area eg Mars

• Slough regeneration projects - brownfield sites into affordable housing