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How do people form attachments to place
Through lived experience
What is the definition of lived experience
Personal knowledge about the world gained through direct first-hand involvement in everyday events
What is the definition of topophobia
The dislike or fear of a place due to intense negative experiences
What is the definition of topophilia
A strong sense of place with a love of certain aspects of the place. It can be apart of a person or group’s cultural identity
What does this graph represent
The relationship between attachment to a place and intensity of experience
What is term for the combination of lived experience and perception of place
Place perspective
How can be people be attached to a place they’ve never been before
Through the perception gained from the media (books, tv, film etc) or hearing experiences from others
What is the definition of Localism
A preference for the place closest to you
What is the definition of Regionalism
Identification with a distinct region
What is the definition of Nationalism
identification with one's own nation and support for its interests
What is the definition of location
A place on the map
What is the definition of Locale
The combination of social processes that occur within a location to give it meaning
How does a sense of place develop
When there is an attachment between person and place due to lived experience
What must a place have to have a unique identity
Meaning, activities and a distinct physical setting
What type of place would experience placelessness
Airports
What was Ralph 1976 argue the definition of placelessness is
“Is essentially no sense of place, for it involves no awareness of the deep and symbolic significances of places and no appreciation of their identities”
What has made turn into clone towns
Globalisation
What is the definition of Clone towns
A town where the major shopping areas are dominated by chain stores
What is the definition of Placemaking
Planning, designing and management of public spaces by governments are corporate bodies
What can placemaking processes create
Spatial inclusion or exclusion
What do dominant groups in an area create
Social norm
What happens when someone deviates from the social norm
Can lead to social or spatial exclusion
What’s an example of something that spatially excludes homeless people
Spikes on the pavement or benches to stop them sleeping there
Where do insider perspectives come from
Being fluent in the local language, being born in the place and knowing the customs and norms
What will insiders of a place feel
They will usually feel safe and have family/friends and connections in the place
What would cause someone to have an outsider perspective
If they are not from the area or don’t fit the social norms
What is the definition of near places
Places we consider close to us
What is the definition of Far places
Places we consider distant
What is the definition of Real places
Places we have been to or those that exist as a place to visit
What are constructed places
Imagined places (like Hogwarts) or those that have been created to imitate there identity or character of somewhere that already exists
What is the definition of experienced place
A place where people have spent time and have direct experience of
What does genus loci mean
The ‘spirit of place’ are the things that make each place unique and only understood by experiencing the place
What does experiencing a place create
Creates emotional attachment and may change previous perceptions
What is the definition of Media places
Places that we have experienced through representations in the media through things like reading, tv, films and social media
What does the use of social media allow us to do
Experience a place without ever visiting it
What is the definition of Endogenous factors
Factors that are internal to a place and can affect its character
What are some physical examples of endogenous factors
Geology, location and climate
How would geology affect a places character
Can affect the building materials and visual character of that area
How can location affect a place’s character
Can affect where people decide to settle in that area, for example if the area is steep, settlements are likely to be designed in a linear pattern and can cause the town to be isolated from other populations
What are some examples of human endogenous factors
Land use, infrastructure or architectural style
What endogenous factors make up a places character
Land use (eg industrial), topography and physical location (eg floodplain), infrastructure (eg rail connections), economic characteristics (type of industry eg secondary) and demographic characteristics (eg ethnic make-up)
What is the definition of Exogenous factors
Factors that are external to a place and affect its character
What are some examples of exogenous factors
Flows of people, resources, money and ideas
What causes places to change
A combination of specific processes carried out by stakeholders
What is the definition of stakeholders
Groups or individuals with a concern or interest in something
What is an example of a stakeholder group in Stratford, London
Focus E15, protested against the demolition of the Carpenter’s estate in Stratford (rapidly gentrifying area)
What will the forces of change do to an area
Change the lived experience in that area
What forces of change can cause a change in place identity
Campaign groups (Focus E15), TNC’s (eg Westfield), Individuals (eg Activists), Local Government, National Institutions (eg National Trust), Global Institutions (eg World Trade Organisation), International Institutions (eg European Union) and National Government
What do flows of people do to a place
Changes a place’s demography and culture, lived experiences cab be different due to new set of experiences
How do immigrants communities change a place’s lived experience
Start food businesses and celebrate festivals from their culture eg ‘Curry Mile’, Winslow, Manchester
What is the definition of Gentrification
The process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving, improving housing and attracting new businesses, often displacing current residents in the process
What is the definition of globalisation
The increasing integration of business, culture and experience on a global scale
What is the definition of TNC’s
Transnational corporations that have their headquarters in one place but operate in many others eg Westfield, Stratford, London
