SLP 20 - UNIT 2

1. Perlocutionary (Hidden Meaning)

2. Illocutionary (Literal Meaning)

3. Locutionary (Effect an Audience)

three different stages of speech acts:

Perlocutionary (birth to 8 months)

infant cries, coos, and vocalizations don’t have a goal—infants do not intend any particular outcome by their behavior

Illocutionary (8 to 12 months)

intentional communication emerges, but no words are present—their communicative expressions now have a goal they want to achieve

1. Canonical Babbling (e.g., dadada)

2. Imitation (Vocal and Motor)

3. Babbling

4. Reference

5. Joint Reference

6. Turn-Taking

7. Joint Action

behaviors to note during the illocutionary stage:

Reference

this is the ability to differentiate one entity from many to note its presence

Joint Reference

this presupposes that two or more individuals share a common focus on one entity

Locutionary (12 months)

this is an utterance regarded in terms of its intrinsic meaning or reference, as distinct from its function or purpose in context—first words appear during this phase, and primarily combines gestures and words

Newborn

at ___ stage,

• vision is best at 8 inches

• prefers light-dark contrasts, angularity, complexity, and curvature

• hearing is best in the frequency range of the human voice

• infants exhibit entrainment and begin to make facial expressions

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: during the newborn stage, infants prefer human voices

1 week

at ___,:

• infants begin “self-imitation”

• infants do reflexive actions but are treated as meaningful by the caregiver

2 weeks

at ___, the infant can distinguish the caregiver’s voice and face

3 weeks

at ___ is where the social smile appears

1 month

at ___,:

• infants begin short visual exchanges with the caregiver

• prefers human voice to all else

2 months

at ___ is where cooing begins

3 months

at ___,:

• face alone is not enough to hold the infant’s attention; thus, the mother exaggerates her facial movements

• there are more frequent dialogs, and a decrease in handling by 30%

• revocalization is likely to occur when the caregiver’s response follows the infant’s vocalization

• vocal turn-taking and concurrent vocalizations

• gaze coupling, rituals and games, and face play

5 months

at ___,:

• purposeful facial imitation

• vocalization to accompany attitude

6 months

at ___, there is hand and non-speech imitation

8 months

at ___, gestures emerge

9 months

at ___,:

• imitation of more complicated motor movements

• following of maternal pointing

11 months

at ___, infants can respond to about half of maternal verbal and non-verbal requests

12 months

at ___, infants can use words to fill communicative functions established by parents

1. Phase 1 - *4 to 6 weeks; 8 weeks to 6 months (Mastering, Joint, Attention)

2. Phase 2 - 7 to 8 months (Intention to Communicate)

3. Phase 3 - 8 to 12 months (Gestures and Vocalization)

4. Phase 4 - 12 months (Naming and Topicalization)

phases of development of joint reference:

Mastering (8 weeks)

the infant visually follows the caregiver’s movements

Joint (12 weeks)

the infant attends to utterances addressed to her

Attention (4 months)

the infant follows the caregiver’s line of regard, and response quickens with the caregiver’s “Look”

Attention (6 months)

the infant may respond to the object or event name, and intonational patterns to establish joint reference

Intention to Communicate (7 months)

the infant establishes joint reference by pointing to or showing objects or events, but without looking at the adult for confirmation

Intention to Communicate (8 months)

the infant does a “reach-for-real” and “reach-for-signal” gaze shift between the object and caregiver

Gestures and Vocalization (8 to 12 months)

the infant is reaching or requesting, and pointing and showing; from gesture only to gesture and vocalization

Protoconversations

this is a set of conversational behaviors that evolves from infant turn-telling behaviors into reciprocal and alternating patterns of vocalizations

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: protoimperatives or requests generally request objects, participation, or actions, while protodeclaratives, such as pointing or showing, have the goal of maintaining joint or shared attention

Naming and Topicalization (12 months)

joint reference is established more within the structure of dialogs; the child would assume more control, and parental questioning decreases

1. Indicating

2. Deixis

3. Naming

three aspects of early joint referencing:

Indicating

this aspect can take a gestural, postural, or vocal form; the infant and mother engage in a system to ensure joint selective attention

Deixis

this is the use of spatial, temporal, and interpersonal features of the content to aid in joint reference (e.g., here, there, this, that, before, after, you, me)

Naming

infants can associate names with their referents before developing the ability to produce names

1. Preparatory activities - making sure the child is not stressed or hungry, has their physiological needs met (e.g., peeing or pooping before the interaction), and is regulated and prepared to have communication learning activities

2. State-setting activities - adjusting to the child and the child’s environment

3. Maintenance of communication framework - methods to continue communication (e.g., playing close-open and tapping)

4. Infant-like modifications of adult activities - change adult, everyday activities so the infant understands (i.e., simplify and make it enjoyable for children)

the caregiver foundations are: