AP World History Study Guide - Units 1-9

Flashcards for AP World History Unit 1 Review

Song Dynasty Significance

Great wealth, political stability, artistic and intellectual innovations, world's greatest manufacturing capability, most commercialized society

Grand Canal

Efficient waterway transportation system in China that enabled it to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Gunpowder

Technology that spread from China to Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.

Tributes (China)

Arrangement in which other states paid money or provided goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

Neo-Confucianism

Syncretic system in China that combined rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Daimyo

Landowning aristocrats in Japan who battled for control of the land.

Shogun

Military ruler installed by the Minamoto in Japan in 1192.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Muslim scholar who laid the groundwork for trigonometry as a separate subject.

‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

Prolific female Muslim writer who described her journey toward mystical illumination.

House of Wisdom

Located in Abbasid Baghdad, it facilitated scholarly and cultural transfers.

Chola Dynasty

Reigned over southern India for more than 400 years (850-1267).

Delhi Sultanate

Brought Islam into India and reigned for 300 years (13th-16th centuries).

Bhakti Movement

Focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity rather than rituals or studying texts.

Srivijaya Empire

A Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra that prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China.

Majapahit Kingdom

Buddhist kingdom based on Java that controlled sea routes.

Khmer Empire

Prosperous kingdom near the Mekong River with complex irrigation and drainage systems.

Mississippian Culture

First large-scale civilization in North America, located in the Mississippi River Valley with a rigid class structure and matrilineal society.

Maya City-States

Each was ruled by a king claiming to be a descendant of a god.

Aztecs

Hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico and founded their capital, Tenochtitlan, in 1325.

Mit’a system

Mandatory public service in the Incan Empire.

Zimbabwe

Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and, above all, gold.

Ethiopia

Flourished by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa.

Feudalism

Provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders.

Humanism

The focus on individuals rather than God.

Mamluk Empire

State that arose on land once controlled by another empire (Abbasid).

Seljuk Empire

State that arose on land once controlled by another empire (Abbasid).

Delhi Sultanate

State that arose on land once controlled by another empire (Gupta territory).

Flying cash

System of credit developed in China to manage increasing trade.

Golden Horde

Batu’s army of Mongolian soldiers that conquered Russian kingdoms and forced them to pay tributes.

Janissaries

Slave soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, often recruited from minority religious or ethnic groups.

Ghulams

Slave soldiers in the Safavid Empire, often recruited from minority religious or ethnic groups.

Encomienda

Spanish system to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas, compelling indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese ruler who financed expeditions along Africa’s Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope.

Astrolabe

Navigational tool improved by Islamic navigators, allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator.

Justices of the peace

Officials selected by the landed gentry in England to maintain peace in the counties.

Boyars

Noble landowning class in Russia.

Edict of Nantes

Issued by Henry, allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith.

Empiricism

Developed by Francis Bacon, insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Lutheranism

A German monk named Martin Luther concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings.

Calvinism

In 1536, John Calvin authored The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland.

Anglicanism

England’s King Henry VIII (ruled 1509-1547) set himself up as head of the new Church of England, or Anglican Church—one that would be free of control by the pope in Rome.

Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver.

Dahomey and the Oyo

Became richer from selling their captives to the Europeans.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent manufactured Goods to Africa

Cultural Revolution

Attempted to reinvigorate China’s commitment to communism. Its impact on China was similar to the impact of Stalin’s purges in the Soviet Union.

Boer Wars

The British and Afrikaners fought over land.

Boxers

An anti-imperialist group attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries

Monroe Doctrine

Stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Manifest Destiny

White Americans believed that they had a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean.

The Institutional Revolutionary Party

a Mexican political party founded in 1929 that heled power of the country for 71 years, first in the form of a single-party and then as the dominant party.

Zimmerman Telegram

a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany

League of Nations

He particularly wanted to create a League of Nations, an organization in which all nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly.

Treaty of Versailles

Germany had to pay billions of dollars in reparations for damage caused by the war

Great Depression

Though it started in the United States and Europe, it spread to Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

Russian Civil War

Thousands of Russians, Ukrainians, and others revolted against the Russian government’s actions.

NEO new economic plan

Under Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP), he reintroduced private trade, allowing farmers to sell their products on a small scale.

Chinese Nationalist Party

Chiang was a conservative and had a deep-seated distrust of communism. In 1927, Chiang’s forces attacked and nearly annihilated Mao’s forces, initiating the Chinese Civil War.

Opium Wars

Chinese goods such as porcelain, silk, and tea were in great demand in Great Britain.

Indentured Servants

Worked without pay for up to 7 years in domestic work and field work

Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver.

Transcontinental Railroad

railroad connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when it was completed in 1869, facilitated U.S. industrial growth.

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings.

The spinning jenny

invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

Transoceanic Voyages

Comparison of Transoceanic Voyages, c. 1300—c. 1800.

World War1

Was a time of tremendous advances in military weapon,equipment, and tactics.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

After Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American tribes were forced to relocate to what is now Oklahoma.

Total war

Million of people worked in the factory.

Decolonization After 1900

Ghana and Algeria are the states who fought for freedom.

New Imperialism

Expansion of Western powers.

Guan

Guano, bat, and seabird excrement is rich in nitrates and phosphates. These make it an excellent natural fertilizer.

National Motives for Imperialism

With a strong sense of identity and loyalty to a state, many world powers boldly asserted authority over other territories.

Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism

Colonial powers generally believed that they were inherently superior to those they subjugated.

The Green Revolution

Scientists developed new varieties of wheat, rice, and other grains that had higher yields and greater resistance to pests, diseases, and drought.

World War 1 & 2

After world war the nation divided in state's of conflict

Cultural Revolution

Movement that attempted to reinvigorate China’s commitment to communism during Mao Zedong's leadership.

Five-Year Plan

Economic policy instituted by Joseph Stalin to transform the USSR into an industrial power.

Partition of India

division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominion states India and Pakistan.

Apartheid

system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

Militariam

Was a factor in causing world war 1.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Columbian Exchange

a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds

Economic Motives for Imperialism

Seeking ways to maximize profits

Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward aimed to rapidly transform China's economy from an agrarian economy into an industrialized economy