lecture 3 - electronic colonialism, soft power, constructivism & cultural change

what is electronic colonialism theory? where poorer regions become _________ on richer regions that _________ communication hardware, software, content, and personnel

dependent, export

in ECT, these imports carry with them _________ norms, values, and expectations, which over time alter _________ cultures, beliefs, and behaviors, ultimately influencing the minds there

foreign, local

in ECT, the resources “extracted” from poorer regions are __________ itself, commercial, and political dependence

data

ECT examines the ______ ______ global consequences of core nations’ multimedia offerings in semi peripheral and peripheral nations

long run

ECT is a theory that is an expansion of the _______ ___________ theory, and also has its root in Couldry’s (2012) socially oriented media theory, which says media exposure constitutes and enables social processes

world systems

Couldry’s theory belongs to a branch of communication theory called constructivism, which is under a broader philosophical concept of ______________ (how we form knowledge)

phenomenology

what is constructivism? constructivists argue that people actively construct and reconstruct their ____________ based on inputs (phenomenon) gathered by their ________, which is therefore ________ and subject to negotiations and shared meaning-creation

reality, experience, fluid

in constructivism, the information to which people are exposed is the “raw materials” used to __________ the world they know of.

construct

due to the social processes in which information is consumed, constructivists would believe there is no certainty the information is received and interpreted the way it is __________ by the senders

intended

that means that in constructivism, there is no guarantee even a very large media firm from a “core nations” is able to ___________ the minds as it __________ to

influence, intends

constructivism helps build and introduces ___________ into ECT

uncertainty

what is Jan Nederveenn Pieterse’s cultural deterritorialization? it identifies the three cultural change ____________ that shed light on the social processes in which people construct their reality on a ___________ level

processes, collective

what are Jan Nederveen Pieterse’s three cultural change processes aka cultural deterritorialization?

1. cultural ___________ (more resistant to foreign norms)

2. cultural __________ (a new hybrid)

3. cultural ____________ (more receptive to foreign norms)

differentialism, hybridization, convergence

what is cultural differentialism? barriers to cultural flows, leaving cultures to remain largely _________ from one another, such as some very ___________ communities

distinct, conservative

what is cultural hybridization? ____________ of various cultures to produce new hybrid forms that emphasizes ___________ and heterogenization. a related concept is globalization

integration, diversity

what is cultural convergence? increasing __________ among cultures that emphasizes homogenization. an outcome predicted by _________

sameness, ECT

what is soft power? the ability or resources to influence the minds in _________ interest group or cultures. it helps explain the effectiveness or ___________ of electronic colonialism, as well as cultural convergence and hybridization

other, impact

the failure or soft power also explains cultural ______________

differentialism

the term of soft power is coined by Joseph Nye in Bound to Lead, saying that power is the ability to influence the ____________ of others to get the __________ one wants

behavior, outcomes

soft power can be understood in the context of the spectrum of Power (Nye), what is the spectrum? soft to hard

________ power → economic power → ________ power

soft, military

what are the characteristics of soft power?

behaviors: attraction, _________ setting

primary currencies: ________, cultures, policies, institutions

gov policies: public diplomacy, bilateral and multilateral diplomacy

agenda, values

what are the characteristics of economic power?

behaviors: inducement, _________

primary currencies: payments, sanctions

gov policies: _______, bribes, sanctions

coercion, aid

what are the characteristics of military power?

behaviors: coercion, deterrence, _________, goal: control

primary currencies: threats, _________

gov policies: coercive diplomacy, _______, alliance

protection, force, war

what are the six sources of soft power? enterprise, _________, digital, _________, engagement, and _________

culture, government, education

what are some indicators of enterprise soft power? economic and business ________ (market potentials, ease of doing business, corruption)

progress

what are some indicators of culture soft power? global reach and _______ (tourism, music, etc)

appeal

what are some indicators of digital soft power? use of technology in domestic and __________ engagement (use of technology in public admin, use of social media)

overseas

what are some indicators of government soft power? political values, institutions, and major ________ outcomes (individual freedom, violence, government effectiveness, major policy outcomes)

policy

what are some indicators of engagement soft power? diplomatic _________ (number of embassies, seats on ___________ organizations, involvement in overseas aid

resources, international

what are some indicators of education soft power? appeal to ___________ students, pedagogical excellence (number of international students, exchange programs, levels and outputs of higher educational institutions)

international