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Gender schema theory:
Martin and Halverson agree with Kohlberg - children develop their schema by actively structuring their own learning rather than observing (SLT).
They disagree with Kohlberg - children develop their gender schema much earlier, age 2-3.
Ingroup/outgroup:
Children have a better understanding of the schema of their gender identity (ingroup).
Pay more attention to relevant info to their group.
Ingroup identity serves to increase the child’s level of self-esteem.
Opposing findings
Damon (1977) told 4 and 6 year olds about George who liked to play with dolls. 4 year olds said it was fine, 6 year olds said it was wrong (gender constancy and rigid stereotypes.
Reductionist
Doesn’t account for biological effects, e.g. Wang.
Research support
Martin and Halverson (1983) children under 6 were more likely to remember photographs of stereotypically gender-appropriate behaviour than not when tested a week later. Children tended to change the gender in gender-inappropriate tasks.