ANAPHY LECT NOTES.docx

Aldosterone

________ is produced in the greatest amount which helps return blood pressure to its normal range through modulation of kidney function.

Adrenal Androgens

________- stimuolates the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Delta

________ cells- secrete somatostatin in response to food intake.

‘ Pitocin

________ or the commercial preparation of oxytocin os used to assist childbirth.

Glucocorticoids

________- help to provide energy for cell by stimulating the increased use of lipids and proteins.

Hormones

________ circulate through the bloodstream to sites called target tissues or effectors.

ADH

________ is also called ‘ vasopressin.

Testosterone

________- main reproductive hormone in males secreted by the testes.

THYMUS

________- lies in the upper part of thoracic cavity.

PARACRINE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

________- (para= next) act locally on neighboring cells.

Progesterone

________ and Estrogen- two main classes of reproductive hormones secreted by the ovaries which are responsible for the development of female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

blood glucose

When ________ decreases, lipids and proteins are broken down for energy, as lipids are broken down, the liver converts some of the fatty acids to acidic ‘ ketones.

GRAVES

________ DISEASE- autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism.

Alpha

________ cells- secrete glucagon when blood glucose levels are low.

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

________- abnormally high rate of parathyroid hormone secretion.

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

________- abnormally low rate of PTH secretion.

GOITER condition

________ caused by enlarged thyroid gland which is due to the loss of negative feedback that resulted in excess TSH.

HYPERTHYROIDISM

________- elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion.

little insulin

Type 1 diabetes mellitus- occurs when too ________ is secreted from the pancreas.

Chemical messengers

________ allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities.

interstitial cells

In males, it stimulates ________ of the testes to secrete the reproductive hormone testosterone.

T4

THYROID GLAND- (shield- shaped) synthesizes and secrets 3 hormones: (1) triiodothyronine- T3; (2) thyroxine- tetraiodothyronine ________; (3) Calcitonin.

Cortisol

________ is primarily secreted, and it is anti- inflammatory.

Gonadotropins

________ regulate the growth, development, and functions of the gonads.

endocrine glands

The ________ and cells secrete chemical messengers called hormones.

Beta

________ cells- secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels.

Mineralocorticoids

________- regulate ion balance in the blood.

CONTROL BY NEURAL STIMULI

________- neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse with the cells that produce the hormone.

CRETINISM

________- hypothyroidism in infants; characterized by developmental delay, short stature, abnormally formed skeletal structures.

OXYTOCIN

________- (swift birth) causes contraction of the smooth muscles cells of uterus and milk letdown in breasts of lactating women.

Hypothalamus

________ is the control center of the autonomic nervous system as well as the endocrine system.

PROLACTIN

________- (pro= precursor, lact= milk) binds to membrane- bound receptors of cells of the breast, where it helps promote the development of breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk.

Follicle

________- stimulating Hormone- In females, it stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary.

HYPOTHYROIDISM

________- lack of thyroid hormones.

Posterior pituitary

________- extension of the brain and composed of neurons.

blood glucose levels

Elevated ________ stimulate beta cells to produce insulin.

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

________- (anti= against, uresis= urine volume) binds to membrane- bound receptors and increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules which results in less water lost as urine.

Adrenal Medulla

________- secretes 2 major hormones, the ‘ epinephrine and ‘ norepinephrine which are called the ‘ fight- or- flight hormones.

defective receptors

Type 2 diabetes mellitus- caused by either too few insulin receptors or ________ on target cells.

Pituitary dwarf

________- too little growth hormone secretion can result from the abnormal development of the pituitary gland.

Giantism Excess GH secretion

________ can result from hormone secreting tumors of the pituitary gland.

Pituitary

________ is also called ‘ hypophysis (hypo- under; physis- growth); the isze of a pea; found in the depression in the sphenoid bone inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain; known as the "master gland.

Adrenal Cortex

________- secretes 3 classes of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens.

parathyroid gland

Can be caused by a tumor in a(n) ________.

ENDOCRINE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

________- (Endo= within) secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells, which together constitutes the endocrine system.

Lipid soluble hormones

________ bind to nuclear receptors.

AUTOCRINE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

________- (Auto= self) stimulates the cell that originally secreted it.

Endocrinology

________ is the study of the endocrine system.

inflammatory

They decrease the ________ and immune responses.

AUTOCRINE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

(Auto=self) stimulates the cell that originally secreted it

Ex

those secreted by white blood cells during an infection

PARACRINE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

(para=next) act locally on neighboring cells

Ex

Histamine

NUEROTRANSMITTERS

secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent cell, whether it is in another neuron, muscle cell, or glandular cell

ENDOCRINE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

(Endo=within) secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells, which together constitutes the endocrine system

REGULATION OF METABOLISM

controls the rate of nutrient utilization and energy production

CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE AND DIGESTION

regulates the level of satisfaction/fullness and the breakdown if food into individual nutrients

REGULATION OF ION LEVELS

helps monitor blood ph, Na+, K+, and Ca2

CONTROL OF WATER BALANCE

regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood and the membrane permeability

REGULATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTIONS

regulates the heart rate and blood pressure and prepare the body for physical activity

CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE AND OTHER NUTRIENTS

regulates the level of glucose and other nutrients in the blood

STIMULATION OF UTERINE CONTRACTIONS AND MILK RELEASE

regulates uterine contractions during delivery and stimulates milk release from breasts in lactating females

MODULATION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION

control the production of immune cells

TRANSPORT OF LIPID-SOLUBLE HORMONES

if these types of hormones circulated in the blood unprotected, they could be removed and would be unable to effectively regulate their targets

TRANSPORT OF LIPID-SOLUBLE HORMONES

lipid-soluble hormones are protected since they travel through the bloodstream bound to "binding proteins" that acts as chaperone

WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES

polar molecules; includes peptide protein hormones, peptide hormones, amino acid derivative hormones

TRANSPORT OF WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES

since water soluble hormones can dissolve in blood (free hormones), most dissolve directly into the blood and are delivered to the target tissues ; These hormones have short half-lives

(3 types of stimuli regulates hormone release

humoral, neural, and hormonal)

CONTROL BY HUMORAL STIMULI

humoral stimuli refers to the molecules and ions in the bloodstream that can directly stimulate the release of some hormones

CONTROL BY NEURAL STIMULI

neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse with the cells that produce the hormone

CONTROL BY HORMONAL STIMULI

occurs when hormones are secreted that, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones

(3 types of stimuli is involved in this process

humoral, neural, and hormonal)

INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY HUMORAL STIMULI

when a hormones release is sensitive to the presence of a humoral stimulus, there exists a companion hormone whose release is inhibited by the same humoral stimulus

INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY NUERAL STIMULI

it the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the target endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone

INHIBTION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY HORMONAL STIMULI

some hormones prevent the release of other hormones, which is a common mode of hormone regulation

Anterior pituitary

made up pf epithelial cells derived from the embryonic oral cavity

Posterior pituitary

extension of the brain and composed of neurons

It controls the pituitary gland in 2 ways

(1) hormonal control and (2) direct intervention

Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary

the anterior pituitary gland synthesizes hormones whose secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus

Hypothalamic control of the posterior pituitary

the posterior pituitary is a storage location for two hormones synthesized by special neurons in the hypothalamus

GROWTH HORMONE

stimulates growth of bones, muscles and other organs by increasing gene expression

Part of the effect of GH is influenced by a protein hormones called ‘insulin0like growth factors

IGF or ‘somatomedins

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

binds to membrane-bound receptors on cells of the thyroid gland and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone

GONADOTROPINS

bind to membrane-bound receptors on the cells of the gonads (ovaries and testes)

PROLACTIN

(pro=precursor , lact=milk) binds to membrane-bound receptors of cells of the breast, where it helps promote the development of breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk

MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE

Binds to membrane-bound receptors on melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

(anti=against , uresis=urine volume) binds to membrane-bound receptors and increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules which results in less water lost as urine

OXYTOCIN

(swift birth) causes contraction of the smooth muscles cells of uterus and milk letdown in breasts of lactating women

PARATYHROID GLANDS

4 tiny parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland; they secrete hormones called ‘parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is essential for regulation of blood calcium levels

ADRENAL GLANDS

(near or on the kidneys) 2 small glands located superior to each kidney

Adrenal Cortex- secretes 3 classes of steroid hormones

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens

Mineralocorticoids

regulate ion balance in the blood

Glucocorticoids

help to provide energy for cell by stimulating the increased use of lipids and proteins

Adrenal Androgens

stimuolates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

There are two type of diabetes mellitus

type 1 and type 2

TESTES AND OVARIES

Hormones produced by these organs is important in the development of sexual characteristics, structural and functional difference between males and females, and the ability to reproduce

THYMUS

lies in the upper part of thoracic cavity

PINEAL GLAND

small, pinecone-shaped structure