AP LANG EXAM RAE STUDY TERMS

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Flashcards of key vocabulary terms along with their definitions.

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69 Terms

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Connotation

The secondary, implied, or suggested meaning of a word.

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Denotation

The actual, literal meaning of the word.

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Diction

A writer or speaker’s choice of words.

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Syntax

The grammatical order in which words are placed.

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Tone

The attitude the writer takes towards her subject, or in her writing.

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Explicit

Directly stated, leaving no question about the meaning.

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Implicit

Implied, but not directly stated; hinted at.

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Infer

To deduce or conclude information based on facts or evidence—rather than being explicitly told.

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Parallelism

Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses.

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Periodic sentence/structure

A sentence in which the writer builds suspense by beginning with subordinate elements and postponing the main clause.

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Cumulative sentence/structure

A sentence in which the subordinate elements come at the end to call attention to them.

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Balanced sentence

A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale; both parts of the sentence have the same form.

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Antithesis

Opposition or contrast of words or ideas within a balanced sentence.

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Inversion

The reversal of normal, grammatical word order—often for emphasis.

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Analogy/analogous

A comparison of similar things—usually using something familiar to explain something unfamiliar.

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Qualification (in argument or logic)

A restriction in meaning or application.

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Logical Fallacies

Incorrect reasoning (often intentional) in argument.

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Metaphor

Comparison not using like or as; a thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else, esp. something abstract.

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Simile

Comparison using like or as.

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Apostrophe

A dramatic address to someone not present.

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Allusion

An indirect reference to something outside the text—usually another work of art.

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Hyperbole

Obvious and intentional exaggeration—for rhetoric.

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Understatement

Where the speaker deliberately portrays the situation as less serious or important than it really is.

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Paradox

A seemingly contradictory assertion that may have some truth in it.

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Epithet

A descriptive word, phrase or title.

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Euphemism

Using a more polite term for a coarse or unpleasant term.

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Conceit

An extended metaphor—often the basis for an entire poem.

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Metonymy/ Synecdoche

A figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is associated; The use of a part of something to represent the whole.

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Alliteration

Repetition of initial sounds.

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Onomatopoeia

The use of a word whose sound imitates the act or thing it names.

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Objective statement

A completely unbiased statement, verifiable by looking up facts.

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Subjective statement

A statement colored by the character of the speaker or writer; an opinion with bias.

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Cliché

An overused statement or idea.

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Satire

Corrective ridicule.

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Parody

Mocking imitation.

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Irony

When the literal meaning is opposite the actual meaning.

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Archetype

The original pattern or model of a character or idea that is frequently copied or repeated.

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Histrionic

Deliberately dramatic or theatrical.

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Wry

Cleverly and often ironically or grimly humorous.

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Juxtapose/juxtaposition

An act or instance of placing things/words/concepts close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.

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Deductive reasoning

Reasoning that moves from the general (rule or law) to the specific (instance).

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Inductive reasoning

Reasoning that moves from the specific (instance) to the general (presumed rule or law).

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Anaphora

Repetition of the initial word or phrase in a series of clauses or phrases for emphasis and rhythm.

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Epistrophe

The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases or clauses.

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Aphorism

A pithy observation that contains a general truth.

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Analysis

The separating of material into its constituent elements and determining its essential features and their relations.

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Argumentation

The act of using reasons to justify claims.

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Syllogism

A logical argument in which a conclusion is inferred from two premises; a form of deductive reasoning.

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Chiasmus

A rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form.

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Ellipsis

Omission of one or more words for conciseness and effect.

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Asyndeton

Omission of conjunction before the last item in a series.

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Allegory

A story in which things and people represent something entirely other—an idea or a philosophy; typically contain within a moral or lesson.

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Simple Sentence

Subject-verb.

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Compound Sentence

Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.

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Complex Sentence

Independent clause and dependent clause.

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Antecedent

A word, phrase, clause, or sentence, to which another word (especially a pronoun) refers.

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Nostalgia

A sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past.

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Enumeration

The listing of things; to list one thing after another in prose.

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Dichotomy

A division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.

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Hypophora

Asking a question and then answering that same question.

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Rebuttal

merely a response to the counterargument, advancing your side of an issue--may not be effective, may not prove someone or something wrong.

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Refutation

to use evidence to prove a counterargument is wrong--this is done in response to another argument. When a rebuttal is absolutely effective, it becomes a refutation.

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Concession

Acknowledging other points of view--admitting that the opposition has a good point. This builds credibility.

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Message (Rhetorical Situation Component)

The subject matter of a work of rhetoric.

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Exigence (Rhetorical Situation Component)

The provocation (or reason) to make the argument or work of rhetoric. Why did the writer give this speech?

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Purpose (Rhetorical Situation Component)

What writer or speaker hopes to achieve by writing or giving a speech.

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Audience (Rhetorical Situation Component)

Awareness of the specific, intended audience of a work of rhetoric—awareness of the traits and perspectives of this audience.

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Context (Rhetorical Situation Component)

The time, place, occasion, or other relevant contextual information about the moment of the work of rhetoric.

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Writer/speaker (Rhetorical Situation Component)

Our awareness of how the writer or speaker's perceptions, or perspective, governs the text.