Biology 101 FINAL

What is the reaction for photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide, Water, Sunlight → Glucose, Oxygen

What organelle does photosynthesis take place in?

Chloroplast

What about the chloroplast?

Mostly in leaves, which trees have a lot which produces more energy

Why are plants green?

Every color except green is absorbed

What about the color black?

absorbs all wavelengths of light, meaning it does not reflect any light to our eyes

What about the color white?

No light is absorbed, all light is reflected.

What about snow ice?

reflects light back into the atmosphere

What about black water?

absorbs the light and heat and contributes to climate change

What kind of light is the colors of the rainbow?

Visible Light

How is glucose generated during the process of photosynthesis?

The enzyme ATP synthase is responsible for make ATP building glucose which is located in the thylakoid membrane converting the sunlight into chemical energy.

What did Frederick Griffith do?

He demonstrated that bacteria can pick up genetic information and that DNA can be shared

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

She revealed the double helix structure of DNA

What is DNA replication?

The process of copying a DNA molecule.

What are examples of times that human cells need to be copied?

Skin cells need to be copied for growth or when cells are damaged or dead they need to be replaced.

Semiconservative replication

Each strand of the original double helix (Parent Molecule) serves as a template (mold or model) for a new strand in a daughter molecule, so both have a strand so two daughters result

How do we want DNA to replicate?

As exact as possible and if not it can lead to mutations like cancer

Universal

With few exceptions, all organisms use the code the same way

Degenerate (redundant)

Most amino acids encoded by two or more codons

Unambigous (codons are exclusive)

None of the codons code for two or more amino acids

What does the properties of genetic code contain?

Start and stop signals kind of like the capital letter to start a sentence and a period to signify the end of a sentence.

How many protein coding PE genes do HUMANS, dogs and cats have about?

20,000

How many pairs and total chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs and 46 total

What is the process of transcription?

DNA to MRNA to protein

What sugar does RNA use?

Ribose

What sugar does DNA use?

Deoxyribose

What bases does RNA use?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

What bases does DNA use?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

What is the difference between the strands and helix’s of DNA and RNA?

DNA has a helix and is double stranded with base paring where RNA does not have a helix and is single stranded

What does the M stand for in MRNA?

The messenger for RNA codons.

Mitosis Prophase

Chromosomes condense, loss of nucleus

Mitosis Metaphase

Chromosomes line up

Mitosis Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

Telophase

Nucleus reforms, cells split

How do cells split?

Cytokinesis- Contractile ring

Asexual reproduction

Consists of one parent and the offspring is genetically identical to the parent

Sexual Reproduction

Consists of two parents and produces offspring with unique combination of genetic traits from both parents

What crosses over in meiosis?

the exchange of genetic material between non- sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, resulting in the formation of new combination of alleles.

What is cancer?

unregulated cell growth (malignant neoplasm)

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

Self sufficiency in growth signals, evading apoptosis (normal cell death), sustained angiogenesis (new blood vessels) , limitless potential for replication, tissue invasion and metastasis, insensitivity to antigrowth signals.

How does cancer stimulate it’s own growth?

Growth factor attaches to the receptor, receptor for cell division called tyrosine kinase starts to signal for cell divide, and when the cell divided into 2 inhibitory signals are resisted.

What is the process of metastasis?

Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and vessels, cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites, cancer cells reinvade and grow in a different location

What are the main sites of metastasis of breast cancer?

Lungs, Liver, Bones

What are the main sites of metastasis of Colon cancer?

Liver, Peritoneum, lungs

What are the main sites of metastasis of Kidney cancer?

Lungs, Liver, Bones

What are the main sites of metastasis of Lung cancer?

Adrenal Gland, Liver, Lungs

What is a tumor?

Abnormal cell mass

What actually causes cancer?

It is inherited in 5-10% of cases, smoking cigarettes accounts at least for 30% of all cancer deaths, 1/3 weight and inactivity, alcohol. ½ of the cancers in the US is Melanoma.